AP ch 6-9

a joint is a point of contact between:

2 or more bones, cartilage and bone, teeth and bone

a joint is also called

articulation or arthrosis

joints can be classified:

structurally and functionally

compact bone basic unit =

osteon

spongy bone basic unit =

trabeculae

fibrous joints are basicially:

immovable

synovial joints have:

more movement

synovial fluid =

lubricatioin

articular cartilage has a lot of:

hyaline cartilage

periosteum?

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

fibrous joints =

no articular cavity

articulating bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue

fibrous

types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses,

cartilaginous joints =

no articular cavity

articulating bones held together by hyaline cartilage (synchondrosis) or fibrous cartilage (symphysis)

cartilaginous

synovial joints =

have articular capsule

characterized by synovial cavity and articular cartilage; many contain accessory ligaments, articular discs, and bursae

synovial

bursae =

fluid filled sacs, cushioning

fibrous joints lack:

a synovial cavity

fibrous joints: articulating bones are held together with:

dense fibrous connective tissue

fibrous joints permit:

little or no movement

coronal suture (skull) =

separating frontal and parietal bones

___________ between diaphysis of tibia and fibula

syndesmosis / interosseous membrane

____________ between tooth and dental alveoli of alveolar process

syndesmosis / gomphosis

no articular cavity; articulating bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue

fibrous

articulating bones united by thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, found been skull bones

sutures

sutures: degree of movement?

immovable and slight movable

articulating bones united by a varying amount of sense irregular connective tissue, usually a ligament or membrane

syndesmosis

syndesmosis: degree of movement?

slightly movable

syndesmosis: example?

between tibia and fibula

cartilaginous joints lack:

a synovial cavity

cartilaginous joints: articulating bones are held together with:

cartilage connective tissue

cartilaginous joints permit:

little or no movement

types of cartilaginous joints:

synchondrosis, symphysis

costal cartilage =

connects ribs to sternum

epiphysis =

end of long bone

epiphyseal plate turns to =

epiphyseal line

diaphysis =

shaft of a long bone

connecting material is hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

synchondrosis: degree of movement?

slightly movable to immovable

synchondrosis: example?

between first rib and manubrium of sternum

connecting material is broad, flat disc of fibrous cartilage

symphysis

symphysis: degree of movement?

slightly movable to immovable

symphysis: example?

pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints

synovial joints do not lack this, instead:

have a synovial cavity

synovial joints: articulating bones are covered with ________, held together by ________, contain ________, have a _________ supply, and are surrounded by an _______

articular cartilage, ligaments, synovial fluid, nerve and blood, articular capsule

synovial joints permit:

large range of movement

articular cavity contains:

synovial fluid

bursae and tendon sheaths can be found at many:

synovial joints

bursae are?

sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

tendon sheaths are?

tube-like bursae that wraps around tendons subject to a great deal of friction

the olecranon process of ulna articulates with:

olecranon fossa of the humerus

flexion =

decrease in angle

extension =

increase in angle

abduction =

away from the midline

adduction =

towards the midline

example joints that do flexion and extension?

elbow joint, hip joint, knee joint

example of joints that do abduction and adduction?

shoulder joint, hip joint

the head of the humerus articulates with the:

glenoid cavity of scapula

the head of the femur articulates with the:

acetabulum of the coxal bone

plane joint example

tarsus in foot

pivot joint example

head of radius and radial notch of ulna

hinge joint example

between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow

condyloid joint example

carpus (wrist)

saddle joint example

between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone

ball and socket joint example

between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone

decrease in angle between articulating bones, usually in sagittal plane or an anterior movement at a ball and socket joint

flexion

increase in angle between articulating bones, usually inn sagittal plane or a posterior movement at a ball and socket joint

extension

movement of bone away from midline, usually in coronal plane

abduction

movement of bone toward the midline, usually in coronal plane

adduction

all types of movement, distal end of body part moves in circle

circumduction

characterized by synovial cavity, articular cartilage, and articular (joint) capsule; may contain accessory ligaments, articular discs, and bursae

synovial

saddle: example?

carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and metacarpal of thumb

ball-like surface fits into cuplike depression

ball and socket

ball and socket: example?

glenohumeral and hip joint

radial notch is on the

ulna

trochlea is on the

humerus

trochlear notch is on the

ulna

between superior articular facets fo atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone

atlanto-occipital

atlanto-occipital movements:

flexion and extension of head

(1) between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas

(2) between lateral messes of atlas and axis

atlanto-axial

atlanto-axial movements:

rotation of head

between sternum and first seven pairs of ribs

sternocostal

between sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and first costal cartilage

sternoclavicular

between acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle (quarterback injury)

acromiociavicular

synovial (pivot), rotation of forearm

radioulnar

notes the wide variety of movements here

wrist (radiocarpal)

inflammation of joint from overuse:

carpal syndrome

clavicle acromial end:

next to scapula

clavicle sternal end:

next to sternum

carpometacarpal joint of thumb between:

trapezium of carpus and first metacarpals

between anterior surfaces of hip bones

pubic symphysis

classification of pubic symphysis:

cartilaginous

pubic symphysis: movements?

slight movements, more so during pregnancy

high number of ligaments =

high level of stability

temporomandibular joint has:

high number of ligaments, high number of movements

zygomatic process is part of the ___________, and extends into the ____________

temporal bone, zygomatic bone

zygomatic bone =

cheek bone

process =

projection from a bone

shoulder joint has:

high number of ligaments, high number of movements