Music History Final

lamellophone

plucked idiophone

mbira

type of lamellophone, plucked idiophone, traditional to shona people of Zimbabwe

Kalimba

related to and very similar to mbira, but mbira is more traditional and kalimba is generally more modern and westernized

budongo

type of mbira from Uganda, often used to accompany singing and encased in wooden box to resonate

Nyunga-Nyunga

type of mbira from Zimbabwe, surrounded by wooden box to resonate, secular tradition used for social enjoyment, entertainment, played at celebrations and events, and is incorporated into lots of modern music, has 15 keys

deze

wooden box resonator for nyunga-nyunga

gwariva

soundboard in nyunga-nyunga, rectangle piece that keys are laid on

mutanda

iron bar in nyunga-nyunga that suppresses metal keys to keep them in place

majaka

bottle caps and scrap metal attached to nyunga-nyunga, they vibrate to create a rich sound

Ndebele

ethnic group and language in Southern Africa

kushaura

leading pattern in call and response structure of Mbira Dza Vadzimu music

Kutsinhira

following pattern in call and response structure of Mbira Dza Vadzimu music

hosho

shaken idiophone that creates a rattling sound, played simultaneously with mbira in ensemble setting

Mbira dza vadzimu

21 keys, 3 ranges, uses more enclosed resonator, bottle caps attached on outside

bira ritual

a spirit possession ceremony, musicians who play mbira dza vadzimu are often called upon by spirits to honor them and communicate with ancestors

talking drums

hourglass shaped, double headed drums from West Africa, the pitch is changed by the player squeezing the sides to tighten or loosen the membrane, pitch changes mimic the tone and speech patterns of human voice

gan gan

one of the names for talking drums in Nigeria

surrogate speech

the tonal contour of language and speech rhythm, the drum has the ability to mimic these aspects

polyrhythmic drumming ensemble

drumming ensemble from Ghana, could be described as a rhythmic kaleidoscope, consists of drums, rattles, bells, features independent polyphony and polyrhythm

time line

also known as bell pattern, guide, phrasing reference, rhythmic pattern of modest length that is played in a repeating, unvarying, ostinato, different from metronome because time line is the music itself, and metronome is separate from music

density referent

pulse provides a framework for more complex rhythms, helps to organize and perceive rhythmic structures - relationships, not meter

donno

Double-headed hourglass variable-pressure drum (played with hooked stick, produces more than one pitch) used in Ghanian polyrhythmic drumming ensemble

tom-tom

pair of tall, single headed hand drums used in Ghanian polyrhythmic drumming ensemble

afirikyiwa

iron clapper bell used in Ghanian polyrhythmic drumming ensemble

axatse

gourd rattle with external beaded netting, used in Ghanian polyrhythmic drumming ensemble

Thomas Edison

created the early phonograph in 1877, consisted of tinfoil wrapped around a cylinder, a crank, a metal stylus, and a mouthpiece, first device capable of recording and playing back sound

phonautograph

first device invented to record sound, could not play sound back but instead created visual representations of sound waves

phonograph

instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc, disc/record stores replica of sound waves series of undulations in a sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the stylus

Chichester Bell

worked with Charles Tainter to develop improved versions of the phonograph, developed a wax coated cylinder for the recording material and worked to change the directionality of the stylus, which they made flexible

Charles Tainter

worked with Chichester Bell to develop improved versions of the phonograph, developed a wax coated cylinder for the recording material and worked to change the directionality of the stylus, which they made flexible

gramophone

later version of phonograph, sound grooves were made in a spiral on a flat disc rather than in a helix on a cylinder. A negative was made from the flat master disc, and the negative then used as a mold for making many copies that reproduced the original master disc. These “records,” as they came to be known, could be played on a reproducing machine Berliner named a Gramophone.

Emil Berliner

developed the phonograph record disc and gramophone

Guglielmo Marconi

developed, demonstrated and marketed the first successful long-distance wireless telegraph and in 1901 broadcast the first transatlantic radio signal

AM/FM radio

two methods of transmitting radio signals, use different ways of of encoding information onto the carrier wave, AM modulates the amplitude (strength) of the carrier wave, while FM modulates the frequency of the carrier wave

jukebox

A jukebox is an automated music-playing device, usually a coin-operated machine, that plays a patron’s selection from any one of its self-contained media. The classic jukebox has buttons with letters and numbers on them, which are used to select specific records for it to place on its turntable and play

microphone

transducer that converts sound into electrical signals

magnetic tape technology

magnetic tape technology allowed radio to be recorded and played later for repeat playing, medium for magnetic storage made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film

streaming

audio is sent in compact digital data packets over the internet to your device, where it is decoded and played back through that service's own dedicated app