Microscopy, Cellular Biology, and Human Body Organization Review

Comprehensive flashcards covering microscope history and parts, cellular organelles and transport, and human body organization including organ systems and anatomical terminology.

What is the definition of a microscope?

An optical instrument designed to produce magnified visual or photographic images of small objects.

Who developed the first vision instrument, the reading stone, around $1000$ AD?

The transcript identifies the reading stone as the first vision instrument, consisting of a rock crystal or glass sphere.

Who is known as the father of microscopy and was the first to describe bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and sperm?

$$Anton Van Leeuwenhoek$$

Which book published in $1665$ by $Robert Hooke$ documented observations made with a compound microscope?

$$Micrographia$$

Which scientist invented the phase contrast microscope in the $1930s$ to study colorless biological materials?

$$Fritz Zernicke$$

What is the total magnification range of a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

Over $20,000,000$ times.

What formula is used to determine the total magnification of a compound microscope?

$$\text{Total Magnification} = \text{Ocular Power} \times \text{Objective Power}$$

What are the three specific types of immersion oil and their primary uses?

Type A (low viscosity for fluorescence/dark field), Type B (high viscosity for bright field), and Type C (very high viscosity for long focused objectives).

What is the specific magnification and color code for the Scanner objective lens?

$4\times$ magnification with a red color band.

What is the standard intermediate image tube length in many compound microscopes?

$$160 \text{ mm}$$

How does the transcript define a cell?

The smallest basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life's processes.

What are the five levels of organization mentioned in biological hierarchy?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.

Contrast cell division in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes divide via binary fission, while eukaryotes divide via mitosis or meiosis.

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

To sort and package molecules from the rough endoplasmic reticulum into secretory vesicles.

What is the 'powerhouse of the cell' and the site of ATP synthesis?

$$Mitochondria$$

What are the functions of the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Rough ER is responsible for protein synthesis (due to attached ribosomes), while Smooth ER is responsible for lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

What is the movement of water across a membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration called?

$$Osmosis$$

Define the terms crenation and lysis in relation to tonicity.

Crenation occurs when a cell shrinks in a hypertonic solution; lysis occurs when a cell swells and bursts in a hypotonic solution.

What are the three phases of Interphase and their typical durations?

$G1$ phase ($8$ to $12$ hours), $S$ phase ($6$ to $8$ hours), and $G2$ phase ($4$ hours).

What occurs during the Anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids separate at the kinetochores and the daughter chromosomes move toward opposite poles.

What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy investigates body structure, while Physiology investigates the processes or functions of living things.

What are the normal $pH$ values for human blood?

$7.35$ to $7.45$

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells.

What are the three layers of the skin in the integumentary system?

$Epidermis$ (outer layer), $Dermis$ (middle layer), and $Hypodermis$ (bottom fatty layer).

What are the two types of bone marrow and their functions?

Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fats.

Contrast the functions of the Spleen's red pulp and white pulp.

Red pulp filters damaged or old ($senescent$) red blood cells; white pulp contains lymphocytes to combat diseases.

Which organ system is the major regulatory system that detects sensation and controls movement?

$$Nervous System$$

What is the difference between Negative and Positive Feedback mechanisms?

Negative Feedback makes the deviation from a set point smaller (e.g., body temperature); Positive Feedback makes the deviation even greater (e.g., child labor or blood clotting).

Define the anatomical terms Supine and Prone.

Supine means lying face upward; Prone means lying face downward.

What type of serous membrane covers the heart specifically?

$$Visceral pericardium$$