Liberty, Equality, Power Chapter 22

Protestant

American _____________ lead effort to expand American influence abroad. Included missionaries, businessmen, and imperialists

missionaries

Between 1870-1900, many of these people go to mostly China on pretense that it's their Christian duty to convert ignorant, uncivilized Asians and to save their souls.

imperialists

Those such as politicians, intellectuals, and military strategists saw expansion as essential to being a world power.

Believes US needs:

1. Strong Navy

2. sphere of influence in Caribbean

3. extend markets to Asia

mostly republicans

Admiral Alfred Mahan

US Admiral who encouraged the US to strengthen its naval power to become a world power. Countered by many Americans who do not want to expand by colonization or island control.

Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power onto History" - empires like Rome relied on their naval power

Wanted US control Hawaii/ pacific islands.

big navy policy

American government alarmed at imperialism of other countries. Took up the __________. Got Pago Pago, a deep water harbor from Polynesians and leased Pearl Harbor from Hawaii to be refueling stations.

Grover Cleveland

President who got deeply involved with Hawaiian affairs. Plantation owners depose Hawaiian king and later Queen Liliuokalani

declared Hawaii a protectorate in 1893 but doesn't want to annex it

jingoists

nationalists who thought they could enhance US glory through swaggering foreign policy and war

Spain

Controlled Cuba - oppressive force, made Cubans work in specific industries. Cuba began rooting for independence. The American jingoists saw this as they chance to shine internationally

USS Maine

A ship stationed near Cuba which exploded on February 15, 1898. The explosion was blamed on the Spanish, and provided a reason for starting the Spanish-American War.

Evidence to the contrary was ignored in the rush to War

Cuban Rebellion

Cuban Jose Marti leads a revolt in 1895. Is brutally crushed by Spanish troops. US are concerned, having LOTS of investment in Cuba. Cubans are forced into prison/concentration camps, published in US newspapers and pitied.

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

whips up sentiment over cuban situation, makes US populous want to go to war to help cuba

Teller amendment

Legislation that promised that the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Spanish-American war

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

jingoists loved this war - Spain is defeating in three months

Rough Riders

Theodore Roosevelt led volunteer cavalry of Ivy League men, cowboys, sheriffs, Indians, prospectors, and Hispanics in Spanish American war

Treaty of Paris

Treaty ending the Spanish American war, Signed by the United States and Spain in December 1898

ended the Spanish-American War.

Under its terms, Spain recognized Cuba's independence and assumed the Cuban debt; it also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States.

At the insistence of the U.S. representatives, Spain also ceded the Philippines. The Senate ratified the treaty on February 6, 1899.

Philippine Islands

ceded to the US in treaty of paris of 1898. Philipinos became unhappy with US rule. US wants the philipines as a naval base

Guam

Also ceded to US in the treaty of paris of 1898. The largest and southernmost island in the Marianas which is administered as a territory of the United States

Puerto Rico

a self-governing commonwealth associated with the United States occupying the island of Puerto Rico

Anti-imperialist league

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Arguement led by Democrat Jennings Bryan

An assault on Filipinos' rights

Businessmen and laborers feared competition from Philippines

Maintaining outposts more expensive than economic benefit

Racist motives not to contaminate America

Emilio Aguinaldo

led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence.

Annexation of Hawaii

When U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898. Also wanted Hawaii as naval base

Hawaiians later granted US citizenship

American-Filipino War

Fought to put down angry Filipino rebels who didn't want American control of their homes. Very violent and brutal; like Spain/Cuba relationship

General Arthur McArthur pacified by offering amnesty to those who surrendered

Emilio Aguinaldo

Young nationalist who led the Filipinos against the Americans in the American Filipino war. Later is captured and pledges allegiance to the United States

William McKinley

President who initially opposed war with Spain but eventually supported U.S. acquisition of the Philippines

William Howard Taft

Sent to the Philippines to establish a government. Put many governmental functions in Filipino control- crushes the rest of the revolt (which is smaller by now)

Platt Amendment

1901- Bill that specifies conditions for Cuban independence.

- Cuba cannot make treaties with foreign powers

- US has authority to intervene in Cuban politics and economics

- Cuba would sell/lease land to the US for naval stations

Cubans hated this, but was too dependent on sugar market + army to refuse. Included in their constitution

Guerrilla warfare

The Filipinos were well verses in _____________.

mistakes

the _________ made by the US when dealing with the Philippines:

- Harsh treatment of citizens

- length of war, brutality discouraged both soldiers and the public: made war hype wane.

- Unfamiliar territory/environment and fighting tactics of the Philippines.

Foraker Act

1900 US annexed Puerto Rico with the __________ - did not make Puerto Ricans citizens

> Labeled that area as "unincorporated territory" - US controlled government and people's rights

Leonard Wood

set up an American military government in Cuba, that advanced government, finance, education, agriculture, and public health; helped Walter Reed attack on yellow fever

Carribean

Due to US influence it becomes the "American Mediterranean".

Insular cases

Associated with the Foraker Act: when badly divided Supreme Court decreed; flag outruns the Constitution and that Puerto Ricans and Filipinos subject to American rule but didn't have all America rights

China

Other countries (mostly European) controlled ______'s trade through spheres of influence. US later becomes interested in developing a sphere through the Phillipines

Open Door Policy

made by John Hay, to hopefully give the American powers more influence within the trading spheres in the Eastern hemisphere.

Hay had proposed to all nations that each nation would have been given equal trading rights in all parts of China and for the recognition of Chinese territorial integrity.

Resulted in the Boxer Rebellion

Boxer rebellion

uprising started by a superpatriotic Chinese group, over two hundred white missionaries and other people were murdered. Several foreign diplomats were also besieged in Beijing.

18,000 international troops descended and crushed the rebellion, including men from Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and the US. The allied invaders angrily assessed a Chinese indemnity of $333 million

2nd Open door notes

secretary of State John Hay made ____________ after the Boxer Rebellion was put down.

concerned that the expeditionary force might try to set up a government and this note restated the United States position that China must remain an independent nation.

The Open Door policy became a key point of American foreign policy in the 1900s.

Theodore Roosevelt

Well known president and geopolitician. Main driving force in US foreign policy.

believed the nation, like an individual, must strive for greatness

- Americans were racially superior and destined for supremacy in economic and political affairs

- Shrewd analyst of international affairs

- No patience for small countries' claims to sovereignty or human rights of weak peoples

- Latin America, Africa, Asia (except Japan) were inferior

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.

Made in response to crisis in Dominican Republic, when it became in debt to European creditors + to protect the area around the Carribeans

Panama Canal

Roosevelt and other expansionists saw this as important to shorten the distance between the US and Cuba. Panama belonged to Colombia at the time, and they refused Congress's offer of 10 million dollars to build the canal.

Panama revolted against Colombia- signed treaty w/ US + gave US a lease on the canal

Gave US commanding position in Western Hemisphere

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the United states to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement.

Hay-Herran Treaty (1902)

allowed the United States a lease that was to remain in force in perpetuity on a six-mile-wide strip across the isthmus of Panama (then part of Colombia) for $10 million

It was ratified by the United States Senate on March 14, but it was not ratified by the Senate of Colombia, so it had no effect.

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

French engineer who advocated an American canal through Panama and helped instigate a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia.

Panamanian revolt

Panamanian's eagerness to rebel when Columbia refused America's proposal to buy land for the canal resulted in the ____________

- the people hoped that prosperity would follow the construction of the canal

-Bunau-Varilla and US naval forces aided in revolution

US justified intervention by a strained interpretation of treaty of 1846 (but Roosevelt was really just desperate to be elected president by his own means)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

Agreement between the US and the revolutionary government of Panama granting America the right to build a canal

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Fought between Russia and Japan- fighting over Korea, Manchuria

Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win.

Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where T.Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the Nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (1905)

Treaty mediated by T.Roosevelt to settle the war between Russia and Japan.

Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)

An agreement where the U.S. recognized Japan's sphere of influence in Korea, and Japan recognized the United State's sphere of influence in the Philippines.

was an initial step that paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 1905.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

Contract between the U.S. and Japan in which both countries acknowledged Asia's status, their international policies, their respective territorial possessions in the Pacific, and Open Door trade policy. It maintained the status quo and averted armed conflict between the two nations.

Gentlemen's agreement

An agreement with Japan where Japan agreed to limit immigration, and Roosevelt agreed to discuss with the San Francisco School Board that segregation of Japanese children in school would be illegal

Great White Fleet

A group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power.

Dollar Diplomacy

Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries

focused on Manchurian region of China. Japan and Russia controlled a large portion of Manchurian resources including the railroads. Taft, like many people of the era, believed that whoever controlled the railroads also controlled the economy.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Associated with Teddy Roosevelt. Established due to how the Panama Canal, Philippines, and Cuba wanted independence and the US could take advantage of that.

Roosevelt believed that America and other "developed nations" should be world police

Moral Diplomacy

Implemented by Woodrow Wilson- removed governmental support for American businesses operating in the Caribbean and China.

Wilson was an intense critic of imperialism and his goal was to reverse Roosevelt's "big stick" policies and Taft's "dollar diplomacy."

His vision for U.S. foreign policy was based on morality. He strongly believed that his immediate predecessors had pursued a policy that would breed dislike of the U.S. and often sacrifice goodwill for short-term gain.

Nicaragua

close proximity to the Panama Canal made ________'s stability crucial to American interests in the region.

asked the U.S. for help, and in 1911 American bankers and investors reorganized its financial structure and began to manage its customs service.

They were successful in bringing some stability to the country, but in 1912 a violent political revolution began.

This revolution greatly concerned the U.S., since an armed insurrection in the region threatened the security and the prosperity of the burgeoning Panama Canal. The U.S. responded by sending 2,500 troops to the nation. Although the troops were rarely involved in combat, they remained in there for 13 years.

Mexican Revolution

Diaz was the dictator of Mexico who was overthrown by Madero and the radicals in this year.

In 1913 Madero was murdered by conservative-backed General Huerta who claimed control of the government for himself.

Even though the U.S. had huge economic interests in Mexico, Wilson did not recognize Huerta.

pros

The _______ of expansionism (supported by Republicans) was:

- Christianization

- Spread of Yellow Journalism + jingoism

- Better markets w/ labor and resources like sugar

- Turner Thesis

- Civilizing natives

Cons

The ________ of expansionism (as argued by anti imperialists)

- war: bad for business

- fear for competition

- Breeds Anti-American sentiment

- Didn't want to corrupt American values through interracial mixing

- "Does the Constitution follow the flag?"

- Labor unions "unfair"

William Howard Taft

President who continued on with Roosevelt's dreams of expansion. Implemented Dollar Diplomacy