CBSE Chemistry Exam Preparation

A set of practice flashcards covering key concepts from the CBSE Chemistry curriculum, including electrochemistry, kinetics, coordination compounds, and organic mechanisms.

Nernst Equation (at $298\,K$)

$E_{cell} = E^\circ_{cell} - \left(\frac{0.0591}{n}\right) \log Q$, where $n$ is the number of electrons and $Q$ is the reaction quotient.

Faraday constant ($F$)

A constant representing the charge per mole of electrons, valued at approximately $96500\,C\,mol^{-1}$.

Kohlrausch’s Law

States that at infinite dilution, each ion contributes independently to the molar conductivity of an electrolyte: $\Lambda^\circ_m = \lambda^\circ_+ + \lambda^\circ_-$.

Strong Electrolyte (Conductivity)

An electrolyte whose molar conductivity ($\Lambda_m$) decreases only slightly with an increase in concentration.

Weak Electrolyte (Conductivity)

An electrolyte whose molar conductivity ($\Lambda_m$) increases sharply upon dilution.

Depression in Freezing Point ($\Delta T_f$)

A colligative property calculated using the formula $\Delta T_f = K_f m$, where $K_f$ is the cryoscopic constant and $m$ is molality.

van’t Hoff factor ($i$)

The ratio of observed colligative property to calculated colligative property, or normal molar mass divided by observed molar mass.

Abnormal Molar Mass

A molar mass value that deviates from the expected value due to the association or dissociation of solute particles in a solution.

Order of Reaction

The sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate equation, which can be zero, fractional, or an integer.

Molecularity

The number of reacting species in an elementary step of a reaction; it is always a whole number and is a theoretical concept.

Half-life ($t_{1/2}$) of a First Order Reaction

The time required for the concentration of a reactant to reduce to half its initial value, expressed as $t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}$.

Lanthanoid Contraction

The gradual decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids as the atomic number increases.

Magnetic Moment (spin-only)

The magnetic property of an atom calculated using the formula $\mu = \sqrt{n(n+2)}\,BM$, where $n$ is the number of unpaired electrons.

d–d electronic transitions

The movement of an electron between d-orbitals that have split in the presence of a ligand field, which causes transition metal compounds to appear coloured.

Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride

The IUPAC name for the coordination compound with the formula $[Co(NH_3)_5Cl]Cl_2$.

Geometrical Isomerism

A type of isomerism in coordination compounds involving different spatial arrangements of ligands, such as cis and trans forms.

$S_N1$ Mechanism

A two-step nucleophilic substitution reaction involving a carbocation intermediate, following first-order kinetics.

$S_N2$ Mechanism

A one-step nucleophilic substitution reaction involving a backside attack and a second-order rate law.

Williamson Ether Synthesis

A reaction between an alkoxide ($R–ONa$) and a primary alkyl halide ($R'–X$) to form an ether ($R–O–R'$).

Aldol Condensation

A reaction where aldehydes with $\alpha$-hydrogen undergo condensation in the presence of a dilute base to form a $\beta$-hydroxy aldehyde.

Tollens’ Test

A chemical test used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones; aldehydes produce a silver mirror whereas ketones do not.

Hinsberg Test

A test used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using benzene sulfonyl chloride.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.