PSYC 101

What is the Johari Window and who created it?

A model to help you understand yourself and your relationship with others; created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955.

What does the Open Self quadrant of the Johari Window represent?

Information about you that is known both to yourself and to others.

What does the Blind Self quadrant of the Johari Window represent?

Information about you that you don’t know about yourself but others do know.

What does the Hidden Self quadrant of the Johari Window represent?

Information about you that you know but others don’t know.

What does the Unknown Self quadrant of the Johari Window represent?

Information about you that neither you nor others know.

When does middle adolescence occur in terms of age range?

Approximately ages 15–17.

When does late adolescence occur in terms of age range?

Approximately ages 18–21.

What is the central quest during adolescence according to the notes?

The quest for identity, individuality, and personal decisions about the future, plus establishing meaningful relationships.

How is a hormone defined in the notes?

A chemical substance that travels through the bloodstream to reach organs and tissues, enabling them to perform their functions.

Which sex hormones are produced during sexual maturation and what are their sources?

Estrogen from the ovaries and testosterone from the testes; both signal reproductive readiness.

List some physical changes commonly seen during adolescence.

Growth spurts; hip widening; breast enlargement; menstruation; muscle growth; facial hair; deeper voice; testes enlargement; nocturnal emissions.

What psychological changes accompany physical adolescence changes?

Increased self-consciousness, questions about what happens, and developing preferences to establish identity.

How is self-identity described in psychology according to the notes?

The distinctive characteristics of an individual, linked to self-esteem (overall self-evaluation).

In Erik Erikson’s theory, what is the adolescent stage and its major crisis?

Stage: Identity vs. Confusion; crisis involves developing a sense of self, exploring values and beliefs; resolution leads to a solid identity.

What is the result of an unresolved identity during adolescence, according to the notes?

Identity diffusion or identity crisis, where you are not sure who you are.

What is identity achievement in Marcia’s framework?

Clear understanding of who you are and what you want, with committed goals guiding your life.

How did James Marcia define identity in his framework?

An internal, self-constructed, dynamic organization of drives, abilities, beliefs, and individual history.

What are the four identity statuses described by Marcia?

Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement.

What characterizes Identity Diffusion?

Not having explored what you want to become, with no commitments or clear direction.

What characterizes Foreclosure in identity development?

Commitments are made (often parentally chosen) without an accompanying identity crisis or exploration.

What characterizes Moratorium in identity development?

You are in an identity crisis, exploring options with tentative commitments and no firm resolution yet.

What characterizes Identity Achievement in Marcia’s statuses?

A clear sense of self, established goals, and understood direction for the future.

Why is personal searching and reflection important in self-identity development?

It helps you own your choices and develop responsibility, leading to a more authentic self.

What is the role of self-discovery in personal development according to the notes?

It is essential and a keystone to personal development, forming the building blocks for who you will become.

How does knowing who you are relate to becoming who you are meant to be?

Knowing yourself provides the building blocks for becoming the person you want or are meant to be.

Thoughts

Mental cognitions that usually originate from things we have learned; thoughts that negatively affect attitude are often linked to irrational beliefs.

Feelings

Emotional states or reactions ranging from positive (joy, love) to negative (sadness, anger); often triggered by thoughts and can amplify or minimize the perception of those thoughts.

Behavior

How we act or conduct ourselves; includes our actions and reactions; influenced by thoughts and feelings and in turn can affect them.

Malcognition

Thoughts rooted in hurtful or unpleasant experiences, often involving blame, regret, disappointment, and frustration in unfavorable situations.

Malcognition be corrected

By replacing it with positive thoughts and consciously conditioning the mindset until it becomes subconscious and affects behavior.

Overt behavior

Actions that are visible and observable to others and are expressed consciously (e.g., walking, speaking, smiling, eating).

Covert behavior

Internal mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes that are not directly visible to others (e.g., thinking, problem-solving, recalling memories).

Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors relate to each other

They work together as one system; emotions (affect), thoughts (cognition), and actions (behavior) interact and influence growth, equilibrium, and balance.

Affect, Behavior, and Cognition

Affect = feelings; Behavior = actions; Cognition = thoughts.

equilibrium or balance

When thoughts, feelings, and behaviors work together, there is harmony, balance, and a complete and stable self.

real-life implication of Thoughts, Feelings, and Behaviors being in harmony

Growth is marked by changes that reflect balance among thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in actual life situations.

learning objective related to evaluating oneself

To evaluate one's own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

learning objective about connecting thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

To show the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in actual life situations.

illustrates misinterpretation

The question 'What’s that noise? It must be a burglar' demonstrates cognitive misinterpretation leading to negative emotions.

overall aim of studying holistic development

To understand the relationships among physiological, cognitive, psychological, spiritual, and social development to understand thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and to apply this understanding in real-life situations.

five domains of holistic development

Physiological (physical), cognitive, psychological, spiritual, and social development.

Holistic development emphasizes that thoughts, feelings, and behavior are in balance. Complete the sentence: thoughts, feelings, and behavior are in __.

balance

What hormonal and psychological changes characterize adolescence according to the notes?

Hormonal changes bring physical changes; self-consciousness peaks, and wellness becomes a primary concern.

List the major nutrients mentioned and their general roles in the body.

Protein for growth/repair; carbohydrates for energy and dietary fiber for digestion; vitamins and minerals for growth and bodily functions; water for transport and waste removal; fats (preferably unsaturated, like Omega-3) for energy storage, insulation, and vitamin absorption.

What are examples of protein sources listed in the notes?

Fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, and tofu.

Name three healthful eating/fitness habits emphasized in the notes.

Watch what you eat (balanced nutrients); regular exercise to burn calories and maintain a healthy weight; avoid a sedentary lifestyle and ensure rest.

What health risks associated with smoking, drinking, and drugs are mentioned?

Long-term smoking can cause lung problems, cancer, and heart/respiratory diseases; use of prescribed and non-prescription drugs with potential risks.

What are the three crucial cognitive skills to develop?

Remembering, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

What is a mnemonic and what are its examples?

A device that aids memory; examples include acronyms and rhymed words.

Where do the terms 'critical' and 'criterion' originate and what do they mean in critical thinking?

From Greek kritikos meaning discerning judgment and criterion meaning standards; critical thinking involves reasoning, inferring, analyzing, interpreting, and explaining without bias.

What are the IDEAS steps for problem-solving?

Identify the problem and set priorities; Determine relevant information and deepen understanding; Enumerate options and anticipate consequences; Assess the situation and make a preliminary decision; Scrutinize the process and self-correct as needed.

How is Moral Development defined in the notes?

The process by which individuals form an understanding of right and wrong, evolving moral reasoning and behavior from childhood through adulthood.

What is Socio-Emotional Development and what term is used for emotions in the notes?

Emotions are essential; 'motus anima' is Latin for the spirit that moves us, describing feelings that affect us.

What does 'Motus anima' mean?

Latin for 'the spirit that moves us,' referring to emotions.

What is Spiritual Development as described in the notes?

Spiritual development involves spirituality and involvement that makes one aware of the divine and viewing oneself as a spiritual being.

How does adolescence relate to self-esteem and peers?

Adolescents become more conscious of looks and actions, and self-esteem is often shaped by external factors, especially peer groups.

What is the difference between an acquaintance and a friendship as discussed?

Friendships involve more complex, higher-quality interpersonal relationships; they require balancing time, energy, and attention, and involve socialization through social media.

Where should self-esteem ideally be anchored according to the notes?

Internally, not bound to external factors.

What did the notes say about sleep for adolescents?

Get good sleep; with many activities, sleep may be a lower priority but is important for energy and functioning.

Adolescent challenges

The range of physical, emotional, social, and behavioral changes from puberty through late adolescence that affect growth and development.

Ignatian Values – Union of Heart, Mind and Soul

A decision-making approach that aligns choices with the integrated unity of heart, mind, and soul, guided by personal values and significant relationships.

Puberty

The developmental period marked by hormonal changes leading to physical and sexual maturation.

Physical Appearance changes during puberty

Visible bodily changes that influence self-image and identity as the body develops.

Identity Development

The process of forming a stable sense of self across mental, emotional, and psychological dimensions.

Gender Identity

One’s internal sense of gender, which may not correspond to sex assigned at birth and requires self-understanding and communication.

Imaginary Audience

A belief that others are constantly watching, judging, and evaluating one’s appearance and behavior.

Personal Fable

The belief that one is unique and invulnerable, often leading to risk-taking and a sense of invincibility.

Social Cognition

How adolescents perceive, interpret, and respond to social information and cues.

Endocrine System

The body system responsible for hormone production and regulation during puberty.

Testosterone

A key sex hormone that rises during puberty and influences male sexual development, aggression, and mood.

Estrogen

A key sex hormone that rises during puberty and influences female sexual development and secondary characteristics.

Sexual Behavior

Behavior related to sexuality, including premarital sex, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections; influenced by hormonal changes.

Premarital Sex

Sexual activity before marriage; associated with health, social, and ethical considerations.

Teenage Pregnancy

Pregnancy occurring during adolescence, with significant health, social, and economic implications.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Infections transmitted through sexual contact; risk can be higher during adolescence.

Sex Is Not Equal to Love

The idea that sexual activity does not necessarily equate to emotional love or commitment.

Antisocial and Delinquent Behavior

Patterns of social withdrawal, manipulation, delinquency, and lack of remorse that can affect development.

Abuse and Development Effects

Early physical, verbal, psychological, or sexual abuse can have profound, long-term impacts on an adolescent’s development.