HHR&I - TOPIC 8 - A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY

Authoritarian

The forced governance of a country, through limited freedom of speech and rights of citizens.

British Human Rights Report

A report identifying Human Rights Priority Countries, where rights are denied or restricted as viewed by the British government.

Composite Index

Where multiple factors are combined to assess how developed a country is e.g. Happy Planet Index, Human Development Index.

Democratic State

Country based on ideology that everyone vote/opinion is equal.

Deprivation

Where people lack the essentials for survival, such as water, food, shelter or employment.

Deregulation

The removal of government rules or closed markets, often as a condition of aid from a developed country.

Development

The standard of living, knowledge and technology or sustainability of a country.

Direct Military Intervention

The use of military 'force' - soldiers, weapons, conflict - to create change.

Ethnic Minority

A group of small size (in comparison to a country's population) that may have different place of origin, culture or lived experience.

Failed State

A government that has lost control of its population or cannot function effectively.

Human Rights

Fundamental necessities or conditions that everyone should be entitled to.

Indirect Military Intervention

The use of military personnel to help development, reconstruction or training.

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

The UN created 7 goals to try to improve global development. Ran from 2000 to 2015.

Sharia Law

The Islamic laws and customs to be followed by its followers. Some countries make an interpretation of Sharia Law as its laws.

Simple Index

One factor is measured to describe development e.g. life expectancy, birth rates, literacy rates.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The UN created 17 goals - based on the MDGs initial progress - to improve global development. Will run from 2015 to 2030.

Tied Aid

Aid given to a country under certain conditions. For example, aid manufactured by the donor or aid only available if the receiving country changes its government, policies or trade.

Trade Embargo

Restricting or banning any trade, movement of people or cooperation with a particular country e.g. US's embargo on Cuba

Totalitarian

A dictator or political party that gains power by being favourable to the population and having a strong sense of ideology. They control all aspects of the nation, including personal life and freedoms.

Welfare State

Government aims to provide for the disadvantaged or vulnerable people in the community, through financial support, training or housing.

Happy Planet Index

a measure of the ecological efficiency of delivering human

well-being. It reflects the average years of happy life produced by a

given society, nation or group of nations, per unit of planetary resources

consumed.

Human Development Index

a summary composite measure of a country's average

achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge and standard of living.

Life Expectancy

a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, current age, and other demographic factors like sex.

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is

a specialised agency of the United Nations aimed at promoting world

peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture

Number of Doctors per 100,000

It is the average number of doctors per 100,000 of the population of

a country.

Deprivation

The degree to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities.

Spatial Variations

A difference or variation (in terms of population, population density,

gross domestic product (GDP), life expectancy) over an area of the

earth's surface.

Social Progress

Social progress is the idea that societies can improve over time in

economic, human and environmental terms.

Intergovernmental Organisations

They are regional or global organisations of which countries are

members; they manage aspects of the economy, global development and

specific issues such as health or environmental issues.

International monetary fund (IMF)

Aims to maintain a stable international financial system, and this

promotes free trade and globalisation. The IMF provides loans to

countries facing short-term balance of payment difficulties.

Bretton Wood Institutions

They are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

They were set up at a meeting of 43 countries in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA in July 1944. Their aims were to help rebuild the

shattered postwar economy and to promote international economic

cooperation.

Development Gap

It is the difference in standard of living between the world's richest

and the poorest countries.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

They were 15-year targets set by the United Nations (UN) in the year

2000. The targets aimed to improve levels of development in poor2er

countries, including India. The eight goals aimed to: eradicate extreme

hunger and poverty. achieve universal primary education.

Literacy Rate

The proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over which is

literate, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population,

total or for a given sex, in a given country, territory, or geographic area, at a specific point in time, usually mid-year.

Quality of physical infrastructure

It refers to the physical availability and quality of public facilities,

including the number of facilities, facility amenities and resources, the distribution of facilities, and the appropriate mix of facility types to

meet population health needs.