Matto/Thermo Exam

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

volume

the amount of space that matter occupies

mass

measurement of how much matter it contains

density

the measurement of how much mass is contained in a given volume

inertia

the property of an object to remain at constant

vicosity

the resistance of a liquid to flow

weight

a measure of the force of gravity on an abject

pressure

a way to measure the amount of force being applied to a certain area: force/area=pressure

solution

the best mixed part of all possible mixtures

solute

smaller percentage of of the substance that is being dissolved by the solvent

solvent

the larger percent of the solution

solubility

how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent in a given time

compound

mixture

a substance made by mixing other substances together

precipitate

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element

cannot be broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter

atom

the basic unit of a chemical element

suspension

a mixture in which particles are dispersed throughout the bulk of a fluid

dilute

having a relatively low concentration of solute

concentrated

present in a high proportion relative to other substances; having had water or other diluting agent removed or reduced.

saturated

containing the largest possible amount of a particular solute

unsaturated

having carbon–carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons.

supersaturated

increase the concentration of (a solution) beyond saturation point

corrosive

the ability to corrode metal, stone, or other materials.

indicator

a compound that changes color at a specific pH value or in the presence of a particular substance, and can be used to monitor acidity, alkalinity, or the progress of a reaction

neutralization

make (an __acidic__ or __alkaline__ substance) __chemically__ neutral.

crystal

make (an acidic or alkaline substance) chemically neutral.

amorphous solid

any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern

heat

the transfer of energy that results from the difference in temperature between a system and its surroundings

work

a change in volume against a pressure

temperature

degree of hotness or coldness measured by a thermometer with a numerical scale.

expansion

the spatial dilation of a material that occurs upon changes in its composition

contraction

the decrease in size (as of radii of atoms or ions or of atomic volumes) with increasing atomic number

conduction

the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules

convection

the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules

radiation

the spontaneous release of energy from an unstable atom to get to a more stable state

exothermic

Chemical reactions that release energy

endothermic

Chemical reactions that absorb energy

boiling point of water

the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure of the gas above it

freezing point of water

the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid when cooled

thermodynamics

the study of the relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy

conservation of energy

energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to another

heat capacity

the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a given amount of matter by 1°C

independent variable

a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure

dependent variable

what you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment

thermal equilibrium

temperatures balance out, heat stops flowing, then the system (or set of systems)

potential energy

the energy due to position, composition, or arrangement

kinetic energy

the measure of the work it does due to its motion

solving for density

* d = M/V, where d is density, M is mass, and V is volume.
* Density is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic centimetre.

effects of solutes on boiling/freezing point

lowers the freezing point of the solvent, which is called freezing point depression, and raises the boiling point of the solvent

physical change

the appearance or form of the matter changes but the kind of matter in the substance does not

chemical change

a change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one new substances are formed

phases in matter changes

when matter changes to from one state (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) to another

Boyle’s Gas Law

the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass are constant.

Charles’ Gas Law

the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, if the pressure remains constant

properties of solids, liquids,and gasses

Solids have a definite shape and volume. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of the container. Gases have no definite shape or volume

determining the density of an object

the mass of an object divided by its volume

The Law of the Conservation of Matter

The same amount of matter exists before and after the change—none is created or destroyed