Chapter 1 Introduction to Research

T or F: Research is part of ASHA's mission

true

Why do we need research?

To ensure patients are receiving the best, most up-to date care, and to help educate parents and caregivers, and have evidence to back up why you are doing what you are doing with your client.

research contributes to our _____________________ pool of knowledge

professional

research maintains ________________ of clinical services

quality

research identifies practices that are ________________ ____________.

evidence based

What is known as the most unethical research studies?

the monster study

Describe the monster study:

The monster study was conducted on children in an orphanage in Iowa, studying stuttering. They told some children that they did have a stutter, when in reality they didn't. This study was unethical because the children were harmed emotionally (didn't want to speak, whispered), did not give consent, and were uniformed.

What are the four types of scientific research?

experimental, exploratory, descriptive, and survey

________________ research is used to describe situations as they naturally occur (study group differences, developmental trends, relationships between variables)

descriptive

"How do mothers talk to their babies" would be what kind of research?

descriptive

Cross-sectional, Longitudinal, semi longitudinal, historical, case study, secondary analysis, and evaluation research are all types of _________________ research.

descriptive

___________ _________ research involves selecting subjects from various age groups and observing differences between the behavior and characteristics of the group.

cross sectional

Ex. If you have a group of one year olds, a group of 2 year olds, and a group of 3 year olds, and your aim is to observe/describe language differences between them, what type of research might this be?

cross sectional

______________ research follows the same group of subjects over time, sometimes known as cohort study, follow-up study, incidence study or perspective study.

longitudinal

T or F: longitudinal research is stronger than cross-sectional

true

What research is also known as a cohort study?

longitudinal

Ex. observing one group from the time they are 1 to the time they are 3, observing language differences over time, is an example of what kind of research?

longitudinal

_____________ research is a cross between longitudinal and cross-section; uses overlapping age spans and follows each for a short time

semi longitudinal

_______________ research establishes facts and relationships about past events, summarizes a topic or provides a review

historical

_________ _________ is the intensive study of the background, current-status, or environmental interactions of an individual, group, institution, or community.

case study

T or F: Case study research is usually 1 person or small group

true

____________ _______________ involves research that uses previously gathered data; examining unanalyzed variables testing unexplored relationships, focusing on a specific subsample or changing the unit of analysis. (research that uses previously gathered data)

secondary analysis

What is an advantage and disadvantage of secondary analysis?

no data collection, reduced time and cost; but you have no control over data collection, could have been reported inaccurately

_______________ research is the collection and analysis of information related to the effects of a program, policy, or procedure (also known as quality assurance)

evaluation

Which type of research is known as quality assurance?

evaluation

What are the four types of evolution research?

process/implementation eval, outcome and impact eval, cost benefit analysis, and comprehensive eval

______________ examines how one event or events relates to other factors

exploratory

examining how ice cream sales and shark attacks relates to eachother is what kind of research? or looking a role of home literacy practices and children's language/literacy skills

exploratory

Correlational, case-control studies and cohort studies are all types of ______________ research.

exploratory

________________ research is used to determine possible relationships among factors, also known as predicative research.

correlational research

___________-________ studies are when individuals are selected whether they have a particular disorder or not

case-control

__________ are chosen because they have a particular disorder; while _________ are chosen because they don't

cases; controls

Ex. people with Alzheimers dementia are observed to understand language deterioration. results are compared with those who do not have Alzheimers

case-control

_____________ studies is when the researcher selects a group of people that do not have the condition of interest and follows them to see what characteristics contribute to its development.

cohort

______________ research examines possible cause-effect relationships by exposing one or more experimental group to one or more conditions and comparing the results to one or more control groups

experimental

t or f: experimental research is designed to find directional, casual relationships between multiple variables

true

randomized controlled trials, quasi experimental, sequential clinical trials and single-subject designs are all types of _____________research.

experimental

What kind of research is known as the "gold standard" for clinical research?

randomized control trials

____________ __________ trials involve a pre-post test design, where the experimental group receives the treatment and the control group receives none.

randomized control

_____________ experimental research involves manipulation of an independent variable, but does NOT have a comparison group.

quasi

What type of research involves no control group or randomization and is used when control isn't possible?

quasi-experimental

_____________ ____________ trials do not require a fixed sample size before the study begins; can be used to compare two treatments such as an "old" or standard treatment to a "new" experiment treatment.

sequential clinical

sequential clinical trials are over a longer or shorter time span?

longer

__________ _________ designs focuses on the behavior of one or few subjects

single subjects design

single subjects design is most similar to what other type of research?

case study

___________ _________ is a technique for quantitatively combining results of several studies on a given topic

meta analysis

meta analysis is similar to ______________ analysis because it uses previously gathered data, but the difference is that statistics are used to _____ - __________ the compiled data

secondary; re-analyze

_________'s are designed to provide a detailed inspection of the prevalence of conditions, practices or attitudes in a given environment by asking people about them rather than observing them directly

survey's

T or F: survey's can be used with descriptive, exploratory or experimental research

true