Cell Biology and Reproduction Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell biology and reproduction based on the student's lecture notes.

Are plant cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Which are bigger: eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic

Which has plasmids: plant cells or bacterial cells?

Bacterial cells

Name 2 organelles found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Cell membrane and ribosomes.

Which part of a cell controls what enters and exits the cell?

Cell membrane.

State one adaptation of a sperm cell.

Lots of mitochondria.

According to cell theory, what are all organisms made of?

Cells.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Receives proteins and lipids, modifies them, and packages them.

What process happens in mitochondria?

Respiration.

How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?

Binary Fission.

Are bacterial cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Prokaryotic.

Which part of a cell controls the cell?

Nucleus.

What is the name given to cell division in most eukaryotic cells?

Mitosis.

What is a diploid cell?

Cells that have two copies of every chromosome.

What are the five stages of mitosis called?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What is the long chemical that makes up chromosomes called?

DNA.

What is the name for the male reproductive system where sperm is made?

Testes.

What is the name for the process when the nuclei of a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell?

Fertilisation.

What is the name for the releasing of an egg from the ovaries?

Ovulation.

What happens to the lining of the uterus between days 6 and 28?

It gets thicker.

What is the name for the female sex cell?

Egg cell or ovum.

Why do sperm cells have tails?

To help them swim to the egg.

What are the male reproductive parts and their functions?

Testes (produce sperm and hormones), epididymis (stores sperm), vas deferens (transports sperm), seminal vesicle (produces seminal fluid), prostate gland (secretes prostate fluid), and penis (delivers sperm).

What are the female reproductive parts and their functions?

Vagina (birth canal and receptacle for sperm), cervix (connects vagina and uterus), uterus (houses the developing fetus), and endometrium (lining which sheds during menstruation).Ovaries (produce eggs and hormones), fallopian tubes (transport eggs), uterus (houses developing fetus), and vagina (birth canal).

What is the Cell Theory?

The Cell Theory states that all living organisms are made up of one or more cells, cells are the basic units of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What are the components of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

The Cell Theory states that all living organisms are made up of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What are the components of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, while prokaryotic cells lack these structures and have a simpler organization.

What are the stages of the Cell Cycle?

The Cell Cycle includes Interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and Mitotic Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis).

What happens to a chromosome before and after DNA replication?

Before replication, a chromosome consists of one chromatid. After replication, it consists of two identical sister chromatids.

What are the stages of Mitosis?

The stages of Mitosis include Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Where does fertilization occur and describe the process?

Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes where a sperm cell merges with an ovum (egg).This process involves the sperm penetrating the egg's outer membrane, leading to the formation of a zygote.

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Asexual reproduction involves a single parent producing offspring identical to itself (e.g., binary fission), while sexual reproduction involves two parents and the combination of genetic materials (e.g., fertilization).

What are somatic cells and germ cells?

Somatic cells are any cells forming the body that are not involved in reproduction, while germ cells are reproductive cells that develop into gametes (sperm and egg).

What are haploid and diploid cells?

Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent), while haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes.

What are the stages of meiosis?

Meiosis consists of two rounds of cell division: Meiosis I (homologous chromosomes separate) and Meiosis II (sister chromatids separate).

What is crossing over in Prophase I?

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.

Compare mitosis to meiosis.

Mitosis results in two identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid cells.

What defines a hormone?

A hormone is a chemical messenger produced by glands that regulates physiological processes in the body.

What are the main components of the endocrine system?

The main components include glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

Describe the production, transport, and function of reproductive hormones.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are produced in the pituitary, transport through blood, and regulate the menstrual cycle. Estradiol (Estrogen) and Progesterone are produced in the ovaries and affect the ovaries and uterus. Testosterone is produced in the testes and influences male characteristics.

What is the Menstrual Cycle?

The Menstrual Cycle consists of the Ovarian Cycle (follicular and luteal phases) and Uterine Cycle (menstrual, proliferative, and secretory phases).

What are types of contraception?

Contraception methods include barrier methods (condoms), hormonal methods (birth control pills), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and permanent methods (sterilization).

How are hormones involved in superovulation for IVF?

Hormones such as FSH are administered to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs for retrieval during IVF.

What are common STIs?

Common STIs include Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, and HIV.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

What are the symptoms of STIs?

Symptoms of STIs can include unusual discharge, itching, burning during urination, sores, and abdominal pain. However, some STIs may be asymptomatic.

What is the treatment for STIs?

STIs can often be treated with antibiotics (for bacterial infections) or antiviral medications (for viral infections), but some STIs have no cure and require management of symptoms.

What are the long-term consequences of untreated STIs?

Untreated STIs can lead to serious health issues, including infertility, chronic pain, and increased risk of HIV transmission.

What are the long-term consequences of untreated STIs?

Untreated STIs can lead to serious health issues, including infertility, chronic pain, and increased risk of HIV transmission. These can include pelvic inflammatory and rpoblems during pregnancy.

What is mitosis and its purpose?

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, allowing for growth and repair in an organism.

What is meiosis and its significance?

Meiosis consists of two rounds of division: Meiosis I (homologous chromosomes separate) and Meiosis II (sister chromatids separate).

What are the stages of meiosis?

Meiosis consists of two rounds of division: Meiosis I (homologous chromosomes separate) and Meiosis II (sister chromatids separate).

What is HIV?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

Gonorrhea may cause symptoms such as burning during urination, discharge from the genitalia, or no symptoms at all.

What is Syphilis?

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary.

What are common signs of Chlamydia?

Chlamydia may cause symptoms like abnormal discharge, pain during sex, and abdominal pain, but many people may also be asymptomatic.

What does HSV stand for, and what does it cause?

HSV stands for Herpes Simplex Virus, which causes herpes infections, characterized by outbreaks of sores or blisters in the genital or oral areas.

What is HPV and its potential effects?

HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a group of viruses that can cause genital warts and are linked to cervical cancer and other cancers.

What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic diseases. It is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids.

How is HIV treated?

HIV is treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps control the virus and enables individuals to lead healthy lives.

What is the treatment for Gonorrhea?

Gonorrhea is typically treated with antibiotics, often a dual therapy of ceftriaxone and azithromycin.

How can Syphilis be treated?

Syphilis is treated with antibiotics, usually penicillin, which effectively cures the infection.

What is the standard treatment for Chlamydia?

Chlamydia is commonly treated with antibiotics, such as azithromycin or doxycycline.

How is HSV treated?

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) can be managed with antiviral medications like acyclovir, which help reduce symptoms and outbreaks.

How can Hepatitis B be treated?

Hepatitis B may be treated with antiviral medications, and individuals may also receive supportive care to manage symptoms and liver health.

What are the main differences between animal and plant cells?

Animal cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts, while plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A prokaryotic cell is a simple, unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include bacteria.

What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are more complex, contain a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

What structures are found in prokaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have structures such as a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, genetic material (DNA), and may have a cell wall and flagella.

What are the main organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and sometimes chloroplasts in plant cells.

How do plant cells maintain their shape?

Plant cells maintain their shape through a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and by having large central vacuoles that help maintain turgor pressure.

How do plant cells maintain their shape?

Plant cells maintain their shape through a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and by having large central vacuoles that help maintain turgor pressure.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.