Chem 102 Exam 1

Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons & their derivatives

Inorganic Chemistry

Everything other than hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbon

Single bonds

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Double or triple bonds or both

Hydrocarbon derivatives

Hydrocarbon + one additional element

Cyclic

continuous chain of hydrocarbons

Acyclic

No ring/continuous structure

Alkane formula

CnH2n+2

Alkene forumla

CnH2n

Alkyne forumla

CnH2n-2

Constitutional isomers

isomers with different connectivity of atoms

Stereoisomers

same molecular and structural formula but different orientation

Cis

same side

Trans

opposite side

Physical properties of cycloalkanes

* nonpolar


* denisty: lighter than water

Does boiling point increase or decrease with increase in chain length

Increase

Combustion

reaction with oxygen that produces heat and light/ CO2, H2O and energy

Halogenation

Substitution reaction

* Halogens replace hydrogens

Halogenated alkanes name

Haloalkens/ Alkyl Halides

Halogenated cycloalkanes name

Halocycloalknes/ cycloalkyl halides

Physical properties of Halogenated Alkanes

* Density: heavier than water
* Polar
* Limited water solubility

Functional group

reactive end of a molecule

2 simplest alkenes

Propene & ethene

Shape of alkanes

tetrahedral

Shape of alkenes

trigonal planar

Simplest cycloalkene

cyclopropene

Methylene

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Vinyl

Allyl

Isopropenyl

Positional isomers

(constitutional)

* same carbon chain arrangement but different C=C position

Skeletal isomers

(constitutional)

* different carbon chain arrangements

Pheromones

Alkenes or alkane derivatives

Terpenes

isoprene structural units

Isoprene

2-methylbutane

Physical properties of alkenes

* Gases = 2-4 Carbons
* Liquids = 5-17 Carbons
* Solids = >17 Carbons

Dehydrogenation

Taking out 2 H’s

Hydrogenation

Adding 2 H’s

Halogenation

Halogen atom is added (Example: Br2)

Hydration

Addition of Water

* H2SO4 = catalyst

Hydrohalogenation

Addition of Hydrogen and a Halogen (such as Cl)

Marovnikovs’s Rule

The hydrogen atom of HQ attaches to the carbon with the most hydrogen atoms

Polymers

Macromolecules made up of repeating subunits (monomers)

Copolymer

polymer in which 2 different monomers are present

Physical properties of Alkynes

* nonpolar
* insoluble in water
* Boiling point increases with molecular mass
* Gases when low molecular mass

Aromatic hydrocarbons

6 Carbon ring with alternation single and double bonds

Toluene (benzene)

CH3 on top of benzene

Styrene (benzene)

CH=CH2 on top of benzene

Phenol (benzene)

OH on top of benzene

Aniline (benzene)

NH2 on top of benzene

Ortho

1,2

Meta

1,3

Para

1,4

Physical properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

* nonpolar
* insoluble in water
* flammable (combustion)

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What are the two types of bonds Oxygens can make?

Two single bonds

or

One double bond

Alcohol

An organic compound in which an -OH group is bonded to a saturated carbon atom

Polyhydroxy alcohols

diol at the end

Methanol

Simplest alcohol

* CH3OH
* Good solvent

Ethanol

Drinking alcohol

* CH3CH2OH
* Formation of sugars
* Hydration of Ethene

Isopropanol

Rubbing alcohol

* (CH3)2CHOH
* rapid evaporation
* Really bad if ingested

Glycols

\-Diols with -OH groups on adjacent carbon atoms

* high boiling point
* soluble in water

Triol

three -OH groups attached on 3 adjacent carbon atoms

Physical Properties of alcohols

* polar and nonpolar
* Increased carbon chain length = decrease in polarity, increase in boiling point, and decrease in solubility