Learning and Cognition

What is learning?

How does learning help us predict the future?

What is a common way of measuring learning?

How does behaviour show learning has occurred?

What is behaviourism?

Why is learning important?

What is another name for learning?

What is non-associative learning?

What are the two types of associative learning?

What is sensitisation?

What is habituation?

What is associative learning?

What is another name for associative learning?

What are the stimuli in associative learning usually related to?

What responses do survival stimuli elicit?

What is learnt about the environment in classical conditioning?

Why do survival stimuli produce defensive and appetitive reflex responses?

What argument does classical conditioning support?

What is classical conditioning?

How can classical conditioning be used in a biological context?

What is Pavlov's Dogs a case study of besides classical conditioning?

Who is the important scientist in classical conditioning case studies?

Why was the case study of Pavlov's Dogs significant?

What were the results of Pavlov's case study?

What was learnt from Pavlov's case study?

What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's case study?

What is the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's case study?

What is the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's case study?

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's case study?

What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's case study?

What type of model does classical conditioning exist in?

What are the three phases of classical conditioning?

What are the elements of "before conditioning"?

What are the elements of "during conditioning"?

Why is the unconditioned stimulus presented immediately after or a few seconds after the neutral stimulus?

Can classical conditioning occur when the neutral stimulus is presented a long-time before the unconditioned stimulus?

What else influences classical conditioning besides repeated association?

What are the elements of "after conditioning"?

What is an acquisition trial?

What is stimulus generalisation?

What is stimulus discrimination?

What is the relationship between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination?

What is extinction?

How is extinction produced?

Is full extinction possible?

What observable responses show extinction is not possible?

What is spontaneous recovery?

How can extinction prevent spontaneous recovery?

What is rapid reacquisition?

Who conducted "The Little Albert Study"?

How was the "Little Albert Study" Conducted?

What were the results of the "Little Albert Study"?

What was learnt from the "Little Albert Study"?

What is behaviourism?

What is operant conditioning?

What argument does operant conditioning support?

What is the argument of operant conditioning?

What is an operant?

What influences operant conditioning?

Who conducted an operant conditioning study with mice?

How was the Skinner Box experiment conducted?

What were the results of the Skinner Box experiment?

What is reinforcement?

What is positive reinforcement?

What is negative reinforcement?

What is a reinforcer?

What is a reinforcement schedule?

What is a partial reinforcement schedule?

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

Which type of reinforcement schedule leads to stronger learning?

Why do partial reinforcement schedules lead to more persistent learning?

How does a reinforced behaviour become extinct?

Which reinforcement schedule leads to weaker extinction?

What is reinforcer availability?

What is shaping?

How does shaping behaviour occur?

What is a feature of a shaped behaviour?

Who shaped pigeon behaviour to play ping-pong?

What is one biological form of shaping?

What is chaining?

What is punishment?

What is a punisher?

What is a positive punishment?

What is negative punishment aka response cost?

When is punishment effective?

Why are punishment schedules for behaviour ineffective?

What are the disadvantages of punishment?

What are the alternatives to punishment?

What is an antecedent?

Where are antecedents found?

What is the role of an antecedent in the relationship between classical and operant conditioning?

What are some examples of antecedents?

What is the relationship between antecedents and habits/addictions?

What is discriminant stimuli in operant conditioning?

How did B.F. Skinner use discriminant stimuli?

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

What behavioural pattern does a fixed radio schedule produce?