Chapter 6 Bio
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88 Terms
Q: What does DNA stand for?
A: Deoxyribonucleic acid.
Q: What is DNA?
A: The molecule that holds the instructions for all living things.
Q: What is the structure of DNA?
A: A double helix made of two complementary strands of nucleotides.
Q: What are the three components of a nucleotide?
A: A sugar
Q: What forms the backbone of a DNA molecule?
A: Alternating phosphate and sugar groups.
Q: What are the four DNA bases?
A: Adenine (A)
Q: What are the base-pairing rules in DNA?
A: A pairs with T; G pairs with C.
Q: What makes DNA a good molecule for heredity?
A: Its complementary strands allow accurate replication.
Q: What is complementary base pairing?
A: Knowing one DNA strand allows prediction of the opposite strand.
Q: How does DNA replicate?
A: The strands unzip
Q: What is semi-conservative replication?
A: Each new DNA molecule has one original and one new strand.
Q: How much DNA is in the human body?
A: Enough to stretch from the Earth to the Sun and back over 600 times.
Q: What percentage of DNA do humans share with bananas?
A: About 50%.
Q: What molecule acts as the intermediary between DNA and proteins?
A: RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
Q: How is RNA different from DNA?
A: RNA is single-stranded
Q: What are the three main types of RNA?
A: mRNA (messenger)
Q: What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
A: DNA → RNA → Protein.
Q: What is transcription?
A: The process of making RNA from DNA.
Q: What is translation?
A: The process of using mRNA to build a protein.
Q: Where does transcription occur?
A: In the nucleus.
Q: Where does translation occur?
A: At the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
Q: What enzyme performs transcription?
A: RNA polymerase.
Q: What is the promoter region?
A: A DNA sequence signaling RNA polymerase where to start transcription.
Q: What is the terminator region?
A: A DNA sequence signaling where transcription should stop.
Q: What is mRNA?
A: Messenger RNA that carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
Q: What is tRNA?
A: Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome.
Q: What is rRNA?
A: Ribosomal RNA that makes up ribosomes with proteins.
Q: What is a codon?
A: A three-base sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
Q: What is an anticodon?
A: A complementary three-base sequence on tRNA.
Q: How many amino acids exist in the genetic code?
A: 20 standard amino acids (22 total including rare ones).
Q: What are the three stop codons?
A: UAA
Q: What is the start codon?
A: AUG (codes for methionine).
Q: What are the stages of translation?
A: Initiation
Q: What happens during initiation of translation?
A: The ribosome binds mRNA and the first tRNA carrying methionine.
Q: What happens during elongation of translation?
A: tRNAs add amino acids one by one to the growing chain.
Q: What happens during termination of translation?
A: A stop codon signals the ribosome to release the completed protein.
Q: What is gene regulation?
A: The process of turning genes on and off.
Q: Why is gene regulation important?
A: Different cell types need different proteins for different functions.
Q: What is X-chromosome inactivation?
A: In female mammals
Q: What is RNA splicing?
A: The removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA.
Q: What is alternative splicing?
A: Different combinations of exons produce different proteins from the same gene.
Q: What is a signal transduction pathway?
A: A process where a signal molecule triggers gene expression in another cell.
Q: What are homeotic genes?
A: Master control genes that determine body structure locations during development.
Q: What is a mutation?
A: Any change in the DNA sequence.
Q: What are point mutations?
A: Mutations affecting a single nucleotide.
Q: What are frameshift mutations?
A: Mutations caused by insertion or deletion of a nucleotide that shifts the reading frame.
Q: What are the effects of mutations?
A: They can be silent
Q: What are mutagens?
A: Physical or chemical agents that cause mutations.
Q: What are carcinogens?
A: Mutagens that cause cancer.
Q: What is cancer?
A: Disease caused by uncontrolled cell division.
Q: What is a proto-oncogene?
A: A normal gene that regulates cell division.
Q: What is an oncogene?
A: A mutated proto-oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell division.
Q: What is a tumor suppressor gene?
A: A gene that prevents uncontrolled growth; when inactivated
Q: What is metastasis?
A: The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
Q: What are the main cancer treatments?
A: Surgery
Q: How can cancer be prevented?
A: Healthy diet
Q: What are restriction enzymes?
A: Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences.
Q: What is gene cloning?
A: Inserting a gene into bacteria to make multiple copies or produce proteins like insulin.
Q: What was the BRCA gene controversy?
A: A company patented breast cancer genes
Q: What is a genomic library?
A: A collection of cloned DNA fragments representing an organism’s entire genome.
Q: What is a nucleic acid probe?
A: A labeled DNA or RNA molecule that binds to a specific gene sequence.
Q: What is cDNA?
A: Complementary DNA made from mRNA using reverse transcriptase.
Q: What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
A: Organisms that have acquired one or more genes artificially.
Q: What is Golden Rice?
A: A GMO rice enriched with beta-carotene to prevent vitamin A deficiency.
Q: What are transgenic animals?
A: Animals that carry genes from other species (e.g.
Q: What is pharmaceutical farming?
A: Using GM animals to produce drugs (e.g.
Q: What is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
A: A technique to amplify DNA quickly and precisely using heat and DNA polymerase.
Q: What is the purpose of primers in PCR?
A: Short DNA sequences that mark the start and end of the region to be amplified.
Q: What are short tandem repeats (STRs)?
A: Repeated DNA sequences used in forensic DNA profiling.
Q: How many STR sites are used in human DNA profiling?
A: 13.
Q: What is gel electrophoresis?
A: A lab method that separates DNA fragments by size for comparison.
Q: What was the Human Genome Project?
A: An international project completed in 2003 to map all human genes.
Q: How many genes are in the human genome?
A: About 21
Q: What is proteomics?
A: The study of all proteins produced by a genome.
Q: What is gene therapy?
A: Inserting healthy genes into cells to replace defective ones and cure diseases.
Q: How is gene therapy performed?
A: Using a harmless retrovirus to deliver a functional gene into a patient’s cells.
Q: What disease has gene therapy been tested on?
A: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and sickle cell disease.
Q: What risks exist in gene therapy?
A: Potential development of cancer or unexpected mutations.
Q: What is cloning?
A: Making genetically identical copies of an organism.
Q: What is reproductive cloning?
A: Creating a whole cloned individual (e.g.
Q: What is therapeutic cloning?
A: Producing stem cells from cloned embryos for medical use.
Q: What is PCR used for in forensic science?
A: Amplifying trace DNA samples for analysis.
Q: What is DNA profiling?
A: Comparing specific DNA sequences to identify individuals.
Q: What is the Golden State Killer case known for?
A: Solving a decades-old crime using DNA genealogy databases.
Q: What is gene patenting?
A: Claiming ownership of specific DNA sequences (no longer legal for natural genes).
Q: What is the Human Genome Project’s significance?
A: It advanced understanding of human genetics
Q: What is the relationship between DNA and RNA?
A: DNA provides the template; RNA translates the message to build proteins.
Q: What is the sequence of information flow in cells?
A: DNA → mRNA → Protein → Trait.