Chapter 3 - Introduction to Urinalysis

Sodium benzoate

________ may be an alternative for reagent strip tests.

Richard Bright

________ introduced urinalysis as a routine examination for patients in 1827; however, the increasing number and complexity of tests made this impractical.

Diabetes

________ insipidus is caused by the inability to produce ADH, preventing water to be removed by the tubules back to the bloodstream.

Quantitative cultures

________ are performed on all specimens, and the first and third specimens are examined microscopically.

Diabetes mellitus

________ is caused by the inability to produce insulin, leading to increased glucose levels in blood that need to be excreted out.

Polyuria

________ is an increase in daily urine volume often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

Bacterial multiplication

________ or breakdown of urea to ammonia.

Disposable containers

________ are recommended because they eliminate the chance of contamination due to improper washing.

amorphous sulfates

If refrigerated, the specimen must return to room temperature before testing to correct the specific gravity and dissolve precipitated ________ and urates.

Hippocrates

________ wrote a book on "uroscopy, "and it was used in the Middle Ages to train physicians.

17 hydroxysteroids

Many solutes exhibit diurnal variations such as catecholamines, ________, and electrolytes in which the lowest concentration is in the early morning and the highest concentration occurs in the afternoon.

Nocturia

________ is an increase in urination frequency during the night.

protein metabolism

It is derived from ________ and glutamine in kidneys.

Thomas Addis

________ developed methods for quantifying microscopic urine sediment by the development of the microscope in the 17th century.

Urine

________ is normally made up of 95 % water and 5 % organic and inorganic solutes, though variations may occur due to dietary intake, physical activity, body metabolism, endocrine functions, and even body position.

Urine samples

________ appear dilute but have a high specific gravity.

agents dyes

The collector adds bluing ________ to the toilet water reservoir and tapes the toilet lids and faucet handles to prevent adulteration of samples as much as possible.

donor

The ________ provides identification, after which the collector completes step 1 of the chain of custody (COC) form and has the ________ sign the form.

pigments

It consists of small amounts of carbohydrates, ________, fatty acids, mucin, enzymes and hormones.

nitrogenous substance

It is derived from creatine, a(n) ________ in muscle tissue.

detection of chemicals

It is concentrated, assuring ________ and formed elements.

Labels

________ must be attached to the container, not to the lid, and should not become detached if the container is refrigerated or frozen.

metabolic waste product

It is a(n) ________ produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids.

Urine analysis

________ marked the beginning of laboratory medicine, dating back to cavemen drawings and Egyptian hieroglyphs.

sample

It provides a(n) ________ for bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination.

institutional protocol

All specimens must be labeled properly with the patients name and identification number, the date and time of collection, and additional information such as the patients age and location and the physicians name, as required by ________.

common component of kidney

Is is a(n) ________ stones.

sulfate

It occurs as chloride, ________ and phosphate salts.

chain of custody

The ________ (COC) is a standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing, from collector to courier to laboratory to medical review officer to employer.

amino acids

It is derived from ________.

requisition form

A(n) ________ (manual or computerized) containing matching information as the label must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory.

chemical testing

The first ________ was developed by Frederik Dekkers by boiling urine to test for albuminuria, or the presence of albumin proteins in urine.

Identification

________ can be through photo identification or with an employer representative with a photo ID is required.

quantitative testing

For ________, bags are available that allow a tube to be attached and excess urine transferred to a larger container.Drug Specimen Collection.

laboratory copies

The collector follows laboratory- specific instructions for packaging the specimen bottles and ________ of the COC form.

Urine samples

________ are dilute with a low specific gravity.