Chapter 50: Cardiovascular System

Compnents of the Heart (3)

• Pericardium (puter layer)

• Mycocardium (muscle of heart)

• Endocardium (inner layer)

Components of Blood Vessels

Arteries, capillaries, and veins
- Blood brings oxygen and removes waste

Function of valves

Help blood flow move in one direction in the heart

Red Blood Cells (hemoglobin)

• Live 3-4 months

• Destroyed by liver & spleen

White Blood Cells

• Increases during infections

• Live for 9 days

Platelets

• Lives for 4 days

Circulation: Systolic (lub)

Working phase of heart
- Blood is being pumped when the heart contracts

Circulation: Diastolic (dub)

Restubg phase
- Allows the heart to be filled with blood

What is the normal heart rate of an adult?

60-100 beats per minute

9 pulse sites

• Temporal (temple of head)

• Carotid (jawline)

• Brachial (inner elbow)

• Radial (Thumbside of wrist, commonly used for HR)

• Apical (near lungs, assessed via stethoscope)

• Femoral (Groin area)

• Popliteal (Behind the Knee)

• Posterior tibal artery (Big toe side of the ankle)

• Dorsalis pedis artery (On top of the foot)

Fucntion of Arteries

Carry Blood away

• A: Away

• Rich in O2 and bright red

Function of Veins

Returns blood to heart

What is the flow of blood in our body?

superior vena cava—>right artium—> (tricuspid valve) right ventricle—> pulmonary artery—> lungs —>pulomnary vein —>left artium —> (mitral valve) left ventricle —>aorta

Congestive Heart Failure: Left side

Pumping chambers are weak (most common)
- Lungs are affected
- Symptoms: shortness of breath

Congestive Heart Failure: Right

Struggles of pump blood to the lungs
- Blood is backed up in the veins
- Swelling (legs, ankles, and stomach)

Cardiovascular Disorders: Hypertension (HTN)

Normal HR: 120 (systole/pumping) /80 (diastolic/relaxing)
HTN HR: ex. 140/90
Low HR: Below 90/ Below 60
Cause: narrowed blood vessels=harder to pump blood
Symtoms: Heachache, blurred vision, dizziness, nosebleeds
- It can lead to a stroke, heart attack, organ failure, etc (silent killer)
Measures: Reduce salt intake b/c salt holds water = swelling leading to heart work overtime/

Cardiovascular Disorders: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

The heart is getting less blood due to blockages either partial or total.
- Coronary Arteries supply heart muscles with blood.
Risk factors: genetics. smoking, lack of exercise, diabetic
Complications:
- Myocardial Infarction (heart attack): weak pulse, severe chest pain. Relieve with a NTG (nitroglycerin tablet)
- Angina Pectoris: chest pain or pressure caused by muscles not recieveing oxygen. Pain may relieve in 3-15 mins, use NTG

NTG pills 3 max before ER

Heart Failure Treatment

Low sodiu diet, decrase activity, limited fluids, monitor oxygen, fowler’s position, Anti-embolic stockings (compression socks) prevents blood clots, range og motion exercising (promote blood flow)

Dysrhythmia- Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm)

Caused by excessive caffeine, smoking, thyroid problems, and drugs
-Implantable Cardioveter Defibrillator (ICD) under the skin auto shocks the patient if heart stops

Tachycardia

Fast heart rate

Bradycardia

slow heart rate (less than 60 per min)

Ablation

Areas of tissue in the heart that sends abnormal electrical signals are destroyed through melting, surgery, or vaporization