Exam 2 (Part 1) - from other quizlet user

What commonly causes muscular imbalances?

Sedentary lifestyle

(inadequate volume, regularity, & variety of movement; prolonged static postural stress from standing/sitting/walking in repetitively similar patterns)

What are the large, superficial muscles that span 2 OR MORE joints with contraction creating tension to introduce STABILITY?

Global stabilizers

What are the shorter, smaller deep muscles that mostly span a SINGLE peripheral joint or a few spinal segments, with contraction creating tension to produce STABILITY?

Local Stabilizers

Both Global and Local stabilizers have roles in what 2 things?

Stabilization

Static proprioceptive feedback

What are large, long superficial muscles that span TWO OR MORE joints with contraction creating MOVEMENT within a specific pattern?

Global Movers

What are shorter, smaller deep muscles mostly spanning a SINGLE peripheral joint or a few spinal segments, with contraction creating MOVEMENT within a specific movement pattern?

Local Mover

Both global and local movers have what two roles?

Movement

Dynamic proprioceptive feedback

What are 3 types of neuromuscular phenomena that can lead to muscle imbalances?

1) Reciprocal Inhibition

2) Synergistic Dominance

3) Arthrokinetic Inhibition

What type of neuromuscular phenomena leading to muscle imbalances occurs when synergists and stabilizers take over for a weak or inhibited prime mover?

Synergistic Dominance

What type of neuromuscular phenomena leading to muscle imbalances occurs when a muscle is inhibited by joint dysfunction or the capsule that crosses the joint?

Arthrokinetic Inhibition

What type of neuromuscular phenomena leading to muscle imbalances occurs when tight muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist, leading to compensation patterns and predictable injury patterns?

Reciprocal Inhibition

What 3 things can happen when the human body is not stimulated routinely to use stabilizing muscles?

1) Weakening/Inhibition of phasic moving muscles (these are global stabilizers/movers that play important role in dynamic movement)

2) Exposure to gravity and routine stability necessary to ensure proper activity (when not stimulated, stabilizing function disturbed by hypoactivity reaction w/ weakness/atrophy)

3) Deficit triggers compensatory mechanism (stab function taken over by mobilizing muscles), leading to mobilizers increased activity (hyperactivity) and decreased flexibility (pathological chain rxn)

When are muscle imbalances considered pathological?

When muscle imbalance impairs function

What leads to joint dysfunciton?

Pathological muscle imbalance

What 5 muscles are characteristically tight (overactive) with upper cross syndrome?

(TQ)

1) Suboccipitals

2) Upper trapezius

3) Levator scapula

4) Pectoralis major

5) Pectoralis Minor

What 6 muscles are characteristically weak (underactive) with upper crossed syndrome?

(TQ)

1) Lower trapezius

2) middle trapezius

3) Infraspinatus

4) Teres minor

5) Rhomboids

6) Longus colli/capitis

What 6 joint dysfunctions commonly arise from the pattern of muscle imbalances seen with upper crossed syndrome?

1) Atlanto-occipital joint

2) C4/5 joint

3) Cervicothoracic joints

4) T4/5 joint

5) Glenohumeral joint

6) Scapulo-thoracic joint

What are the 4 characteristic postural imbalances seen with upper crossed syndrome?

1) Forward head posture

2) Increased cervical lordosis & thoracic kyphosis

3) Elevated and protracted shoulder

4) Rotation/Abduction and winging of scapula

What 2 muscles are characteristically tight (overactive) with lower crossed syndrome?

1) Thoracolumbar extensors

2) Hip flexors

What 2 muscles are characteristically weak (underactive) with lower crossed syndrome?

1) Abdominals

2) Gluteus Maximus

What 7 joint dysfunctions commonly arise from the pattern of muscle imbalance seen with lower crossed syndrome?

1) Lumbar facet joint

2) SI joint

3) Femoroacetabular joint

4) Proximal tib/fib joint

5) Talocrural joint

6) Subtalar joint

7) 1st MTP joint

What are the 4 characteristic postural imbalances seen with lower crossed syndrome?

1) Thoracic hyperkyphosis

2) Lumbar hyperlordosis

3) Anterior pelvic tilt

4) Slight hip & knee flexion

T/F: Upper and Lower crossed syndromes are a common diagnosis

(TQ)

FALSE

crossed syndromes are NOT an actual diagnosis

What is the assessment and treatment of the physical health of the nervous system and its communication/relationship with the musculoskeletal system, giving nerves the ability to move freely and independently of other tissues?

Neurodynamics

In terms of intervention for neurodynamic, it is the __________ of the nervous system as an approach of physical treatment.

Mobilization

What are the 4 roles of a nerve?

1) Helps muscle move

2) Reflex

3) Transmit sensory feedback

4) Autonomic functions

What are the 4 symptoms that a nerve can produce?

(TQ)

1) Numbness

2) Tingling

3) Burning

4) Radiating Pain

What are the 3 mechanical functions of a nerve, and therefore the 3 primary functions that the nervous system must successfully execute to move normally?

(TQ)

1) Withstand tension

2) Slide in its container (movement)

3) Be compressible

What is a positive neurodynamic test?

(TQ)

Provocation or reproduction of symptoms

(ex: numbness, tingling, burning, radiating pain)

What general effect on the nervous system causes altered physiology which induces hypoxia and reduced conduction?

Compression

What general effect on the nervous system causes venous blood flow to diminish, circulation in and out to be obstructed, and timing is a concern here?

Tension

What is the performance of a set of particular component body movements so as to produce specific mechanical events in the nervous system?

(TQ)

Neurodynamic sequencing

What test is achieved by moving the neural structures in the area of question without moving the musculoskeletal tissue in the same region, so the nervous system is emphasized?

(TQ)

Structural differentiation

T/F: Structural differentiation is performed with all neurodynamic tests

TRUE

How do we perform structural differentiation during neurodynamic tests for the upper extremity?

Cervical contralateral flexion

How do we perform structural differentiation during neurodynamic tests for the lower extremity?

Cervical flexion

What are the 6 key components being tested when performing neurodynamic testing?

1) Tension

2) Compression

3) Sliding

4) Intraneural blood flow

5) Inflammation

6) Mechanosensitive

What are the 4 testing considerations when performing neurodynamic testing? Which of these can be altered during a test?

1) Resistance to movement

2) Extent of movement

3) Duration of testing (MC to use; Can be altered)

4) Speed of movement (Can be altered)

Which of the 4 upper limb nerve tensions tests is when we perform shoulder girdle depression, shoulder abduction to 90 degrees, wrist/finger extension, forearm supination, shoulder external rotation, and elbow extension, with structural differentiation of cervical side-bending, release shoulder depression, and release wrist extension? What nerve is being tested?

ULNT 1 (ULTTA)

- Median Nerve

What specific nerve roots and 2 specific nerves are being tested with ULNT1?

Nerve roots --> C5-C7

Nerves --> Median nerve & Anterior interosseous nerve

Which of the 4 upper limb nerve tensions tests is when we perform shoulder girdle depression with arm abducted (10 degrees) and elbow flexed (90 degrees), supinate the forearm, extend the wrist and hand, extend the elbow, and has structural differentiation of cervical side-bending, release of shoulder depression, and release wrist extension? What nerve is being tested?

ULNT2 (ULTTB)

Median Nerve

What specific nerve roots and 3 specific nerves are being tested with ULNT2?

Nerve Roots --> C5-C7

Nerves --> Median nerve, Axillary nerve, Musculocutaneous Nerve

Which of the 4 upper limb nerve tensions tests is when we perform shoulder girdle depression, abduct the arm (10 degrees) and flex the elbow (90 degrees), pronate the forearm, flex the wrist and hand, extend the elbow, and have structural differentiation of cervical side-bending, release shoulder depression, and release wrist flexion? What nerve is being tested?

ULNT3 (ULTTC)

- Radial Nerve

What specific nerve roots and specific nerve are being tested with ULNT3?

Nerve roots --> C5-T1

Nerve --> Radial nerve

Which of the 4 upper limb nerve tensions tests is when we perform shoulder girdle depression, shoulder abduction (90 degrees), elbow flexion (90 degrees), pronate the forearm, extend the wrist and hand, externally rotate the shoulder, bring the fingers toward the ear, and has structural differentiation of cervical side-bending, release shoulder depression, and release wrist extension? What nerve is being tested?

ULNT4 (ULTTD)

-- Ulnar nerve

What specific nerve roots and specific nerve are being tested with ULNT4?

Nerve Roots --> C8-T1

Nerve --> Ulnar Nerve

What are the 3 primary lower limb nerve tension tests?

1) Straight leg raise

2) Slump test

3) Femoral nerve stretch test (prone knee bend test)

Which nerve root and specific nerve is being tested with the straight leg raise?

Nerve Root --> L4-S2

Nerves --> Sciatic nerve

NOTE: most sensitive for L5 & S1 and sciatic nerves

Which nerve root and specific nerve is being tested with the slump test?

Lumbar spine nerve roots and Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)

Which nerve root and specific nerve is being tested with the femoral nerve stretch test (prone knee bend test)?

(TQ)

Nerve Roots --> Mid-lumbar nerve roots (L2-L4)

Nerve --> Femoral Nerve

Which lower limb nerve tension tests are most sensitive to L5/S1? L2-L4?

(TQ)

L5/S1 = Straight leg raise

L2-L4 = Femoral nerve stretch test

What is performed by placing tension (elongating) one end of nerve and reducing tension (shortening) the other end of the nerve in an alternating pattern? Is this best in Chronic or Acute cases?

Slider (Nerve Flossing)

Acute

NOTE: intended to produce sliding movement (toward end w/ more tension) of neural structures related to their adjacent tissue

What is performed to increase tension in neural structures, relying on natural viscoelasticity of the nervous system, does not pass the elastic limit, and is performed by placing tension (elongating) BOTH ends of nerve simultaneously? Is this best in Chronic or Acute cases?

Tensioner

Chronic

(NOTE: does not produce damage and if performed gently, may improve neural viscoelestic and physiologic functions)

How do functional motor patterns develop?

Develop as an interaction w/ gravity & surrounding environment

What are the three levels of motor control? Which ones are conscious and which are subconscious?

1) Spine & Brain Stem Level --> Subconsious

2) Subcortical level --> Subconscious

3) Cortical level --> Conscious

Which of the three levels of motor control is the inborn motor functions with primitive reflexes and spontaneous general movements?

Spine & Brain stem level

(subconsious)

Which of the three levels of motor control is the inborn motor function that matures during the 1st year of life and includes basic trunk stabilization?

Subcortical level

(subconscious)

Which of the three levels of motor control is the highest level of motor control with learned motor functions?

Cortical level

(Consious)

What are the 3 types of sensory input that our motor system receives and must interpret?

(TQ)

1) Proprioceptive

2) Interoceptive

3) Exteroceptive

What is the sensing of internal signals from your body, such as when you are hungry, your heart is beating fast, or need to use the toilet? What is the sensing of external signals on the body from the environment?

Interoception

Exteroceptive

What topic is about early childhood development, addressing our inner/outer growth on all levels of life and learnings and diving into the dynamics that inform the development of life in womb and developmental stages of toddler life?

Developmental Kinesiology (DK)

What does under standing developmental kinesiology provide a framework to appreciate?

Appreciate regional interdependence & interlinking of skeleton, joints, and musculature during movement

What is ideal posture dependent on?

Ideal motor development

What dysfunction is when balanced muscular coactivation is lost, so dysfunction manifests in what would otherwise be normal muscular synergies, and when dysfunction is present, it manifests as characteristic postures and dysfunctional movement patterns?

locomotor system dysfunction

Why is it important that chiropractors understand developmental kinesiology? (6)

1) Specific motor patterns characteristic for certain developmental ages (clinical assessment)

2) Describe relationship between development during 1st year and pathology of locomotion in adults

3) Defines ideal posture from developmental perspective

4) Defines muscle cooperation and coordination which is ideal for joint loading

5) Important for diagnosis/treatment of pain and injuries related to locomotor system

6) Cause vs Source

What is the internal neurological process of acquiring a skill by which the learner, thorough practice or experience and assimilation, refines and makes automatic the desired movement and capability for skilled behavior?

Motor learning

How does motor learning occur?

Occurs through practice, feedback, knowledge of results, verbal instructions, active participation, motivation, errors, postural control, memory, ect

T/F: We want to see relatively permanent improvement in performance with motor learning

TRUE

Where are motor patterns stored?

Brain

(NOT muscles; no muscle memory)

Why do we are about motor control and motor learning as chiropractors? (4)

1) Impacts movements/forces placed on our spines/extremities

2) Impacts stability and stiffness of spine/extremities

3) Plays a larger role in determining posture statically and dynamically

4) Restore proper motor control following pain/injury to restore full function and reduce risk of future injury/reinjury

What type of memory is the core skills your brain uses to think, read, learn, remember, reason, and pay attention, such as math or foreign language?

Cognitive Memories/skills

What type of memory involves precise movement of muscles with the intent to perform a specific act, with the most purposeful movement requiring the ability to feel sense of what one's muscles are doing while performing the act, such as riding a bike, playing an instrument, or playing a sprot?

Motor skills

T/F: Motor skills are very difficult to maintain, so if you don't use them you lose them, while cognitive memories/skills are not as easily lost.

FALSE

Motor skills NOT as easily lost

Cognitive memories/skills are VERY DIFFICULT to maintain

Can we change a motor pattern? What happens to a current/old motor pattern when we learn a new one?

(TQ)

- NO! Once we create the motor skills, they are stored in your brain FOREVER

- Can always build new motor skills though

Goal is to create new, good motor skills and make it the dominant/preferred pattern in the brain

What dictates how we create a new motor skill?

(TQ)

Learning vs performance

What is the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught?

Learning

Assumptions about learning must be based on lasting or permanent changes, so the only way to establish if a person learned is to do what?

(TQ)

Retention Test

What is an action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function?

Performance

T/F: Performance indicates learning

FALSE

Performance does NOT mean you're learning

Which type of practice for building a new motor skill is one exercise for a certain number of reps/sets, with each rep being the same movement, no stopping between reps and a focus on form? Is this better at learning or performance?

Blocked practice

PERFORM better

Which type of practice for building a new motor skill is one rep of multiple exercises per set, with each rep having different movement or challenge, taking time w/ each rep to focus on the feel and outcome? Is this better at learning or performance?

Random Practice

LEARN better (& most importantly, retains motor development!!)

Why is there a difference between performance and learning outcomes when it comes to blocked vs random practice?

Remembering solution eliminates need to re-solve problem, forgetting solution requires reconstructing the problem

Learning is more permanent and also better adaptable to new situations when you need to work harder to solve the problem

What is internal feedback based on information received directly through your senses?

Intrinsic feedback

What is our extrinsic feedback, or information provided by means of an external source, considered an artificial addition to intrinsic feedback?

Augmented feedback

T/F: Augmented feedback is normally available during practice and "test" situations, however Intrinsic feedback is not

(TQ)

FALSE

Intrinsic available, Augmented not normally available in test situation

Goal to learn to understand how to use intrinsic feedback in test situations

What is our best form of feedback, crucial for truly learning motor skills?

(TQ)

Intrinsic Feedback

What are the 3 types of augmented feedback?

1) Delayed feedback

2) Immediate feedback

3) Constant feedback

Which type of feedback is about the test after the individual executes multiple attempts?

Delayed Feedback

Which type of feedback is about the task after every repetition of the task?

Immediate Feedback

Which type of feedback is any guidance device that continually gives feedback?

Constant feedback

In relation to PERFORMANCE, rank the feedbacks (delayed, immediate, constant) from best to worst?

Best PERFORMANCE:

Constant

Immediate

Delayed

Which type of feedback (delayed, immediate, constant) has the best learning? Which demonstrates the LEAST learning?

(TQ)

Best: Delayed

LEAST: Constant

T/F: The more feedback you give, the more amount of learning that occurs

(TQ)

FALSE

The more feedback = LESS learning

T/F: Delayed feedback is best and occurs best when individuals request feedback

TRUE

T/F: Involving the brain in the interpretation of feedback promotes learning

(TQ)

TRUE

What are the 5 different types of delayed feedback?

1) Fading technique

2) Learner requested

3) Error detection

4) Summary

5) Bandwidth

Which type of delayed feedback shows the learner a good rep and a bad rep, with performance and learning occurring well with this technique since patients care, inducing their intrinsic feedback?

Error Detection

Which type of delayed feedback creates a range for the movement that is acceptable error range before giving feedback, and is a way of providing augmented feedback only about "significant" errors (relative)?

(TQ)

Bandwidth

Which type of delayed feedback has more reps with feedback in between each time, but the goal is to fade the feedback?

Fading technique

Which type of delayed feedback is when feedback is requested by the learner?

Learner requested