2.5 - Sexual reproduction in plants

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Last updated 4:27 PM on 8/24/26
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13 Terms

1
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What is the purpose of the petals?

Modified leaves:

  • brightly coloured/unusually shaped to attract pollinators

  • protective, reproductive parts of the plant


<p>Modified leaves:</p><ul><li><p>brightly coloured/unusually shaped to attract pollinators</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>protective, reproductive parts of the plant</p></li></ul><p></p>
2
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What is the purpose of the stamen?

Male part of flower (consists of anther & filament):

  • anthers produce lots of pollen grains by microsporogenesis

  • filament holds anther in place


<p><strong>Male </strong>part of flower (consists of anther &amp; filament):</p><ul><li><p>anthers produce lots of pollen grains by microsporogenesis</p></li><li><p>filament holds anther in place</p></li></ul><p></p>
3
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What is the purpose of the carpel?

Female part of flower (consists of stigma, style & ovary):

  • stigma is sticky, so pollen can adhere

  • style leads to ovary

  • ovary contains many ovules


<p><strong>Female</strong> part of flower (consists of stigma, style &amp; ovary):</p><ul><li><p>stigma is sticky, so pollen can adhere</p></li><li><p>style leads to ovary</p></li><li><p>ovary contains many ovules</p></li></ul><p></p>
4
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What is the purpose of the stem?

  • Contains structurally strong xylem vessels for strength to hold the flower upright

  • The end of the stem is called the receptacle


<ul><li><p>Contains structurally strong xylem vessels for strength to hold the flower upright</p></li><li><p>The end of the stem is called the receptacle</p></li></ul><p></p>
5
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What is the purpose of sepals?

Protective, modified leaves which encase the flower as it develops (can be leaf-like or resemble extra petals)

<p>Protective, modified leaves which encase the flower as it develops (can be leaf-like or resemble extra petals) </p>
6
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How do the stamen & pollen in a wind-pollinated plant differ from an insect pollinated plant?

  • Stamen are external to the flower to catch the wind

  • Pollen is typically smaller to aid wind travel


<ul><li><p>Stamen are external to the flower to catch the wind</p></li><li><p>Pollen is typically smaller to aid wind travel</p></li></ul><p></p>
7
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How does the carpel in a wind-pollinated plant differ from an insect-pollinated plant?

The stigma remains sticky, but are also feathery & larger, extending out of the flower

<p>The stigma remains sticky, but are also feathery &amp; larger, extending out of the flower </p>
8
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Where are the female (megaspores) & male (microspores) gametes produced in plants?

  • Megaspores: produced in the ovule (inside the ovary)

  • Microspores: produced in the anthers


9
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Outline the process of microsporogenesis (making of pollen)

  1. Diploid pollen mother cell divides by meiosis twice to form 4 haploid microspore cells

  2. These divide by mitosis to form the generative nucleus & the pollen tube nucleus


10
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Outline the process of megasporogenesis

  1. Diploid megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis twice to form 4 haploid megaspore cells

  2. Only 1 continues developing & the rest degenerate

  3. This divides 3 times by mitosis to form:

    • 1 female egg cell

    • 3 antipodal cells

    • 2 synergid cells

    • 2 polar nuclei


<ol><li><p>Diploid megaspore mother cell divides by meiosis twice to form 4 haploid megaspore cells</p></li><li><p>Only 1 continues developing &amp; the rest degenerate</p></li><li><p>This divides 3 times by mitosis to form:</p><ul><li><p>1 female egg cell</p></li><li><p>3 antipodal cells</p></li><li><p>2 synergid cells</p></li><li><p>2 polar nuclei</p></li></ul></li></ol><p></p>
11
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Outline the process of pollination

  1. The generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form 2 haploid male gametes

  2. The pollen tube nucleus produces hydrolytic enzymes to digest the tissue of the style, creating a pollen tube

  3. The generative nuclei follow behind the pollen tube nucleus to eventually reach the micropyle


12
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What is the purpose of enzymes on the growth of the pollen tube?

  • Digests the tissue of the style

  • Provides nutrients for pollen tube growth

  • Allows generative nuclei to enter the ovule


13
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Outline the process of double fertilisation

  1. The polar nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus, which is then fertilised by one of the male gametes to form a triploid endosperm nucleus (provides nutrients for germination)

  2. The other male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form a diploid zygote