AP ES Quiz 2

population age structure

number of young, middle, and older groups, determines how fast a population will grow/decline

population pyramid

a visual representation of a population’s age structure

rapid growth population pyramid

wide base, tapers off at top

slow growth countries pyramid

narrower base and steeply-sloped sides

no growth population pyramid

vertical sides until post-reproductive years

declining growth pyramid

has a slightly inverted pyramid

u.s. population pyramid

resembles zero-growth or slightly declining population, population growth from Mexico

Baby Boom

U.S. population explosion, will affect Social Security

demographic momentum

reason why population growth will continue to occur with a large number of pre-reproductives, despite any future decline

problems due to rapid population decline

• threatens economic growth

• labor shortages

• less government revenue and new businesses

• higher pension/ healthcare issues and costs of living

demographic transition

hypothesis that as countries economically, their income rises and their poverty and populations decline

Stage 1- Preindustrial

harsh living conditions, high birth rate/death rate/infant mortality (no/slow population growth)

Stage 2- Transitional

industrialization begins, food production/distribution + health care, death rates drop with birth rates still rising (rapid pop. growth)

Stage 3- Industrial

industrialization becomes widespread, birth rate begins to drop and approach death rate, due to

• availability of birth control

• lower infant mortality

• increased education

• childcare costs

• urbanization

Stage 4- Postindustrial

birth rates decline until equaling death rate (zero population growth)

Stage 5-Declining

birth rate falls below death rate, population decreases (European and Asian countries like South Korea)

environmetanl impact of industrialization example

1 U.S. citizen consumes 35 times as much as average Indian, 100 times as much as poorest citizens

demographic trap

during stage 2, high birth rate v.s. death rate can lead to return to stage 1

How much of the world needs to get to stage 4 or 5

88%

Environmental Impact Equation

Population times Affluence times Technology

Education and Empowering Women

less children, women do all domestic/childcare for no pay, accomplish 60-80% work associated with food

family planning

education/clinical services to help couples care/plan kids

India

high fertility rate out of infant mortality and desire for boys, rapidly growing country

China

one-child policy decimated population, especially girls