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Chemical Name
identifies the chemical of the drug
Example: (RS)-2-4
Generic Name
name given to a drug when it becomes commercially available
Example: Ibuprofen, aspirin
Trade (brand) name
name given by a drug a particular manufacturer
Motrin, teneylo (have the same active agent)
Drug families
drugs that have similar actions (beta blockers)
Legal classification
Prescription: require order from a MD
Non-prescription: “over the counter” (so many people needed it)
Dosage forms
Tablets: power shaped into a disk
Suspensions: small particles suspended (not mixed )
Route
Enteral: by GI tract
Parenteral: route other than GI tract
Topical: through skin
Contrast Media: most important pharmaceutical in radiology
Drug Administration Patient Rights
1. Right Medication
2. Right Amount (most mistakes)
3. Right Patient (most mistakes)
4. Right Time (most mistakes )
5. Right Route
6. Right Documentation & reaction
Legal Responsibility
1. Record the name of medication (what was it)
2. Record the route taken (oral or rectal)
3. Record the amount of medication administered (dose)
4. Record the time of administration (period)
5. Record the patient reactions to the medication administered
Pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
How the the drug interact
Pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug
How does it break down? Look at the liver!
Pharmacogenetics
how genes affect drug response
How do genetic variations affect metabolism and the effect of the drug?
Analgesic
Control without losing consciousness
Example: Narcotics (opioids) and non-carocotis
Anesthetic
Suppress nerve function, loss of pain and sensations
Example: General anesthesia
Antianxiety
Treat anxiety, calm and relax person
Example: Ativan and Valium
Antiarrhythmics
Treat abnormal heart rhythms
Example: Amiodarone
Antibiotics
Kill or inhibit growth of microorganism
Penicillin and Ciprofloxcin
Anticholinergics
Reduce muscle tone and motility of GI tract and effect salivary glands and respiratory tract
Example: Diropan
Anticoagulants
Prevent clotting of the blood
Ex: Heparin, Warfarin, and Eliquis
Antidepressants
Treat depression
Ex: Prozac, Zoloft, Cymbalta, Wellbutrin
Antidiabetics
Treatment of diabetes
Ex: Type 1 Insulin/Type 2 Glucophage and Metformin
Antiemetics
Treat vomiting and neusa
Ex: Zofran
Antihistamines
Allergic reaction
Benadryl, Claritin, Allegra
Antihypertensive
Treat high BP
Ex: Lopressor and ACE inhibitors
Anti-inflammatory
Treatment of inflammation
NSAIDS (motrin)
Antiseptic
Reduce infection risk
Hydrogen peroxide and alcohol
Antiviral
Inhibit development of viral agents
Ex: Zovirax
Bronchodilators
: Treat asthma and CPD
Ex: Albuterol
Cathartic/laxative
Speeds up bowel movements
Ex: GoLYTELY, Dulcolax, Magnesium Citrate
Antidiarrheal
Treatment of diarrhea
Imodium
Coagulants
Speeds up blood clotting
Ex: Mephyton
Corticosteroids
Chronic inflammation
Hydrocortisone
Diuretics
Increase the amount of urine; used to treat emdema or CHF
Lasix
Hormones
Various effects on endocrine system
Estrogen, progesterone
Sedatives
Mild sedation/sleep
Ex: Ambien
Vasodilators
Dilates blood vessels
Ex: Nitroglycerin
Vasoconstrictors
:Constrict blood vessels; increase blood pressure
Ex: Norepinephrine
Contrast media
Creates the ability to visualize anatomic structures that are not normally seen on a diagnostic image
Health Professional Responsibility:
Administered under MD
Perform patient assessment and get a through history
May need to complete informed consent
Emphasize patient care, comfort, and education
Recognize signs and symptoms of reaction and act appropriately
Continuously monitor patient
Post-exam consideration for patient
Remain calm, confident, and reassuring during producers
Contrast Media:
Generally classified as negative (appear dark on the image or positive agents (appear bright on the image)
Requires attention to indications and contraindications
Some require a thorough patient history and warrants serious attention to patient reactions
Types of Contrast (Negative)
X-ray beam passes through to the image receptor
Appear radiolucent (dark)
Ex: Air, Co2
Types of Contrast (positive)
X-ray beam is absorbed by contrast agent, does not reach the image receptor
Appear radiopaque (light)
Examples: Barium, iodinated Contrast
Typical Contrast Media Choices
Barium Sulfate (atomic number 56)
Air/gas (CO2) (average atomic number 8)
Oil-based iodine (atomic number 53) contrast agents
Water-soluble iodine ( atomic number 53) contrast agents
Visualization of contrast media depends upon the atomic number and concentration of the atom of the element per volume of the contrast material
Barium Sulfate
BaSO4
Compound
Colloidal suspension- does not dissolve in water
Inert physiologic activity within human body
Used in many GI studies
Push fluid following barium studies
Better with cold water
Barium Studies of the GI tract
Barium is contraindicated in suspected cases of bowel perforations post abdominal surgery, or rarer cases of allergic reaction
Gastrografin
Water-soluble iodinated-based contrast media used as a substitute for barium in GI studies in the following instances:
Post surgery
Bowel obstruction
Suspected perforation
Ionic
When injected into bloodstream will dissociate two ions
High Osmolality
Increased risk of allergic reaction
Non-ionic
When injected into bloodstream will remain as a single compound
Low osmolality
Dec risk of allergic reaction compared to ionic agents
Advantages of non-ionic contrast
Does not dissociate
Lower osmolality
More water soluble
Less likely to cause a reaction in a patient
Tolerated better by patients
Ionic and Non-ionic contrast Media Considerations
Patient history/condition
Previous contrast media give
Renal function
BUN
Creatinine
Cost
Diabetic patient taking Metformin or glucophage or similar medications
Recant other imaging studied with iodinated based contrast media
Systemic Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media Reactions
Generally occur within 1st mins
Unpredictable
Mild reaction can worsen
Reactions diff than side effects
Must look at patent always
Types of reactions: mild, mordrate, and severe/anaphylaxis
Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media Typical Side Effects
Flushed feeling that goes away quickly
Strange taste in mouth (metallic)
Peeing pants
Mild Reactions
Any symptoms: Document all reactions
Anxiety: Reassure patient
Nausea vomiting: Turn to side and provide emesis
Syncope (faniting): Be observant
Itching mild urticaria: Infor nurse
Moderate Reactions
Moderate to severe urticaria (hives)
Laryngeal swelling (choking sensation)
Angioedema (soft tissue swelling)
Moderate hypotension
Moderate tachycardia
Moderate bradycardia
Severe Reactions
Hypotension
Bradycardia
No detectable pulse
Laryngeal swelling
Loss of consciousness
Seruizers
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
Respiratory arrest
Call code