Patho ch 11 - Cancer Biology

Pathophysiology chapter 11 - cancer biology

disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade other tissues

cancer

cancer cells bypass _____

apoptosis

what type of cells can bypass apoptosis

cancer cells

cancer cells deprive other cells of _____

nutrients

neoplasms may consist of _____ or _____ cells

atypical or immature

the suffix -”oma” implies a _____ cancer, but there are _____ to the rule

benign, exceptions

the suffix -“carcinoma” or -“sarcoma” implies a _____ cancer

malignant

relatively slow-growing, resembling normal cells, differentiated, localized, usually encapsulated, typically causing no systemic effects, not usually life threatening - these characteristics define which type of tumor

benign

undifferentiated, abnormal mitosis, rapid growth, invades or metastasizes to nearby tissue, causes systemic effects, and is typically life threatening - these characteristics describe which type of tumor

malignant

loss of mature of specialized features (structural differentiation) of a cell or tissue

anaplasia

a precancerous condition where abnormal cells are present in the tissue where they originated, but they haven't spread to surrounding areas or broken through the basement membrane.

carcinoma in situ

carcinoma in situ is synonymous with which term

high grade dysplasia

typical signaling genes that normally help cells grow and divide to make new cells, or to help cells stay alive

proto-oncogene

RAS and MYC are two examples of what kind of gene

proto-oncogene

mutated form of a proto-oncogene, causes uncontrolled cell growth

oncogene

BAX and Bcl-2 are genes that induce what cellular mechanism

apoptosis

a gene that inhibits cell proliferation, regulates cell cycle, prevents mutation

tumor suppressor gene

BRCA-1 (chromosome 17), BRCA-2 (chromosome 13), rb, and P53 are what type of genes

tumor suppressor gene

BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 are involved with which type of cancer

breast cancer

BRCA-1 (chromosome 17), BRCA-2 (chromosome 13) and P53 are 3 examples of which type of tumor supressor gene

guardian

type of tumor suppressor gene that puts a “break” on cell division

governor

retinoblastoma (rb) gene is an example of which type of tumor suppressor gene?

governor

type of tumor supressor gene that detects genomic changes and does damage control

guardian

structure that protects chromosomes from folding and fusing, like a protective cap - prevents immortality, decreases DNA mutation

telomere

a telomere gets _____ with every cell division

smaller

the enzyme that restores and maintains telomeres, prevents DNA degradation, not typically found in normal/healthy cells

telomerase

an enzyme typically found in high concentration in cancer cells

telomerase

telomerase is typically found in high concentrations in which type of cells

cancer cells

the process of new capillaries forming out of preexisting blood vessels in your body

angiogenesis

the factor that stimulates angiogenesis is known as

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

cancer cells stimulate _____ to provide themselves with their own blood supply → stimulates further cancer growth

angiogenesis

a medication which stops cancer cells from releasing VEGF to stimulate angiogenesis

avastin

in order to proliferate and grow, cancerous cells/tissue need what

blood supply

what is one of the hallmark signs in a patient with cancer?

weight loss

which mechanism of cancer causes a patient to lose weight

warburg effect

the observation that most cancers use aerobic glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation for energy generation rather than the mechanisms used by non-cancerous cells (oxidative phosphorylation & anaerobic glycolysis)

warburg effect

what is the energy production ratio for normal cellular metabolism?

1 glucose = 36 ATP

what is the energy production ratio for the warburg effect?

1 glucose = 4 ATP

_____ is an important risk factor in the development of cancer

chronic inflammation

chronic inflammation leads to _____, which leads to _____

metaplasia, malignancy (neoplasia)

inflammation from Hepatitis B and C viruses typically leads to the development of which cancer(s)

primary hepatocellular carcinoma

primary hepatocellular carcinoma is typically the result of chronic inflammation from which virus(es)

hepatitis B and C

chronic inflammation from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) typically leads to the development of which cancer(s)

burkitt’s lymphoma

burkitt’s lymphoma is typically the result of chronic inflammation from which virus(es)

epstein-barr virus (EBV)

chronic inflammation from HIV/AIDS typically leads to the development of which cancer(s)

kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)

kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) typically results from chronic inflammation from which virus(es)

HIV/AIDS

chronic inflammation from human papillomavirus (HPV) typically leads to the development of which cancer(s)

cervical cancer

cervical cancer is typically the result of chronic inflammation from which virus(es)

human papillomavirus (HPV)

chronic inflammation from human t-cell lymphoma virus (HTLV) typically results in the development of which cancer(s)

adult t-cell leukemia

adult t-cell leukemia typically results from chronic inflammation from which virus(es)

human t-cell lymphoma virus (HTLV)

chronic inflammation from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) typically leads to the development of which cancer(s)

adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus

adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus is typically the result of chronic inflammation from which condition

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

chronic inflammation from helicobacter pylori infection typically leads to the development of which cancer(s)

gastric carcinoma

gastric carcinoma typically results from chronic inflammation due to what

helicobacter pylori infection

direct invasion of contiguous organs is known as

local spread

_____ is a prerequisite for metastasis and is the first step in the metastatic process

spread

metastasis occurs by way of the _____ or by way of the _____

lymphatic system, blood

spread is a prerequisite for _____ and is the first step in the _____

metastasis, metastatic process

in order for a cancer to invade healthy tissue, it must attach to _____ to survive in the specific environment

specific receptors

in order for a cancer to _____ healthy tissue, it must attach to specific receptors to survive in the specific environment

invade

cancer spreading from the site of origin to a distant site in the body is termed

metastasis

small clusters of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor but are not actively growing or causing symptoms

dormant micro metastasis

ex: a patient with prostate cancer undergoes surgery to remove his prostate. 3 years later there is a cancerous lesion found in the liver. this is an example of the manifestation of a what

dormant micro metastasis

a tumor may be removed but metastatic remains can still be _____ later

re-activated

a complicated metabolic syndrome related to/caused by an underlying illness - characterized by muscle mass loss with or without fat mass loss

cachexia

pain, obstructions, tissue necrosis and ulcerations, weight loss/cachexia, anemia, severe fatigue, effusions, infections, and bleeding are common _____ of cancer

systemic manifestations

An abnormal collection of fluid in hollow spaces or between tissues of the body

effusion

routine screening, self-examination, blood tests, x-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasounds, biopsies and genetic tumor assessments are common _____ for cancer

diagnostic tools

stage of cancer characterized by no metastasis - confined to origin

stage I

how is staging of cancer determined

by where the cancer has spread

stage of cancer characterized by invasion of local tissues

stage II

stage of cancer characterized by spread to regional structures

stage III

stage of cancer characterized by distant metastasis

stage IV

World Health Organization’s TNM system: T stands for what

tumor spread

World Health Organization’s TNM system: N stands for what

node involvement

World Health Organization’s TNM system: M stands for what

presence of metastasis

World Health Organization’s TNM system - T measurements: T0 means what

organ is free of tumor

World Health Organization’s TNM system - T measurements: T1 means what

lesion is less than 2cm in size

World Health Organization’s TNM system - T measurements: T2 means what

lesion is 2-5cm in size

World Health Organization’s TNM system - T measurements: T3 means what

lesion(s) larger than 5cm in size

World Health Organization’s TNM system - N measurements: N0 means what

no node involvement

World Health Organization’s TNM system - N measurements: N1-N3 means what

involvement of regional lymph nodes (number and extent of spread)

World Health Organization’s TNM system - M measurements: M0 means what

no metasasis

World Health Organization’s TNM system - M measurements: M1 means what

demonstrable metastasis

Duke’s colon cancer staging: Duke’s A - 5 year survival = _____ chance or higher

90%

Duke’s colon cancer staging: Duke’s B - 5 year survival = _____ chance

55-85%

Duke’s colon cancer staging: Duke’s C - 5 year survival = _____ chance

20-55%

Duke’s colon cancer staging: Duke’s D - 5 year survival = _____ chance or lower

5%

Duke’s staging is typically used to stage which kind of cancer

colon cancer

Dukes stage A tumor is characterized by =

limited to mucosa and submucosa

dukes stage B tumor is characterized by =

extension to all layers

dukes stage C tumor is characterized by =

involvement of regional lymph nodes

dukes stage D tumor is characterized by =

distant metastasis

the purpose of staging cancer is to determine what 2 things

where the cancer has spread and route of treatment

cancer grading determines how _____ the cells are

differentiated

the microscopic study of diseased tissues, including cancer

histopathology

cancer is graded using _____

histopathology

cancer grading: well differentiated / low grade / grade I is characterized by cells behaving/appearing:

similar to normal tissue

cancer grading: poorly differentiated / high-grade / grade III is characterized by cells behaving/appearing:

disorganized and aggressive

cancer grading: undifferentiated / high grade / grade IV is characterized by cells behaving/appearing:

high degree of anaplasia