Baylor Christian Heritage 1350 Exam 1 Review

64 AD

Martyrdom of Peter and Paul/Nero's Persecution

285 AD

Diocletian becomes Emperor

286 AD

Diocletian splits the empire into the Diarchy

293 AD

Diocletian splits the empire into a Tetrarchy

302-311 AD

Diocletian's persecution

312 AD

Battle of Milvian Bridge

313 AD

Edict of Milan

325 AD

Council of Nicaea

367 AD

First completed list of the New Testament Canon

380 AD

Emperor Theodosius I makes Christianity the official religion of the empire

610 AD

Muhammed's first vision in Islam

1054 AD

The Great Schism

1096 AD

The First Crusade

"Demiurge" who unleashes suffering

Gnosticism equates the creator God of the book of Genesis with ______.

The Bishop

According to Ignatius, who serves as the leader with the most authority in the early Church here on earth?

His physical humanity

Docetism denied what early Christian teaching about Jesus?

The collection of writings collected under the names of Old and New Testament

In the Christian tradition, the term "canon" is used in relation to ________________.

Love God and love your neighbor.

According to the Didache, what is the "way of Life?"

The Devil

One of Perpetua's visions before her martyrdom reveals to her that her fight in the arena will actually be her fight against who?

Universal Reason

Justin Martyr equates Jesus with what?

Their social class distinctions

According to your reading, Christianity threatened what aspect of Roman culture?

Traditores

According to your textbook, Christians who compromised during times of persecution were known as what?

In the third century AD under Decius

Your textbook argues that the first systemic campaign by Roman authorities against Christians took place when?

Chi-Rho - the first two letters of the title "Christ."

Before his victory at the Milvian Bridge, Constantine saw a vision with what special insignia?

It granted Christians freedom of worship.

What did the Edict of Milan change in the Roman Empire?

Asceticism (not positive)

According to your reading, what Christian practice replaced martyrdom as a sign of devotion and following Christ?

Constantine

What Roman Emperor first officially legalized Christianity?

A created being, subordinate to God the Father.

Arius taught that Jesus was _______.

Arianism

The Council of Constantinople was called to address what heresy?

What to do with the traditori

The Donatists and Catholics disagreed over what?

Augustine of Hippo

Whose writings on the Donatist controversy became foundational for the development of Western Catholicism?

The books of the Platonists (not postitive)

Augustine believed that God led him to read something before encountering the scriptures. What is it Augustine thought God led him to read first?

A volume of the Apostle Paul

When Augustine describes his conversion, he is sitting in a Garden when he hears the voice of a child saying "Take up and read." What does Augustine take up and read?

The Council of Chalcedon

The Egyptian Coptic Church broke from the catholic church over disagreements concerning what?

Gregory the Great

Which Bishop of Rome expanded the authority of the Bishop of Rome over other Bishops, laying the ground work for the formation of the Papacy?

Icons

According to your textbook, the Orthodox Eastern Church fell into controversy over the use of what?

All non-Chalcedonian Christians

The Islamic expansion led to greater societal freedoms and opportunities for what group of Christians?

Augustine

Who wrote the City of God and the autobiographical classic, the Confessions?

Charlemagne

Under whose rule did scholars begin organizing and dating history relative to the incarnation of Jesus (Anno Domini)?

The practice of the Emperor giving "gifts" to clergy in exchange for total loyalty to the emperor.

Pope Gregory VII attacked the practice of "investiture." What was "investiture"?

Scholasticism

Which Medieval European Christian movement aimed to reconnect Christian theology with Hellenic thought/philosophy?

All earthly possessions and rights to property

Clare of Assisi required all women joining her order to renounce what?

The Byzantine Empire's request for assistance in light of the threat of the Seljuk Turks.

The crusades began as a response to what?

Christian held Constantinople

During the infamous fourth crusade, an army of European troops captured and plundered _____.

Extending the authority of the Pope over the political leaders of Europe

Pope Innocent III is most remembered for ________.

Instant forgiveness of their sins.

What does Pope Urban II promise to those who die in the crusades?

Wear different clothes distinguishing them from Christians

The Fourth Lateran Council required what of Jews and Muslims living in Catholic lands?

Pushed off temple, then beat over the head with a club

How did the apostle James die?

Beheaded outside of Rome

How did the apostle Paul die?

Crucified upside down

How did the apostle Peter die?

Survives martyrdom, exiled to Patmos where he later dies

How did the apostle John die?

The Early Church Fathers

Leaders of the early church after the death of the Apostles

Caveat

Differences between churches

Presbyters

"Governing elders"

When an apostle died, they would elect a bishop

- "overseer/guardian"

What is apostolic succession?

Deacon

Appointed "servants" of the Church

Docetism

- Jesus = good man chosen/adopted by God

- Denied the divinity of Jesus

Ebionites

- Jesus = God who seemed to appear as human

- Held a strong "spiritual" / "material" dichotomy

- Believed Jesus wasn't really human, only appeared to be

Gnosticism

- Gnosis - means knowledge

- "spiritual" / "material" Dichotomy

- Jesus gives secret knowledge that frees us from material prison of the evil creator god

Heresy

False religious teachings

Heterodox

Deviant religious teachings

Orthodox

Accepted religious teachings

Canon

Authoritative collection of texts that set the "standard" for the faith

Tertullian

- North African theologian

- Defines the doctrine of the Trinity while combatting Heresy

Heresy

What drove the development of the Canon

Bishop

There is evidence of women in every church position except which?

The divinity of Jesus offended Jewish monotheism, they feared offending Rome

Why did the Jews persecute Christians

- Christianity threatened the social order

- Christianity was seen as contagious

Why were Christians persecuted by the Romans

Martyr

"One who bears witness"

Confessor

"One who confesses, but lives"

Traditores

"One who compromises"

Diocletian and Galerius

The longest and most violent persecution is the final one by who?

Apologist

One who "defends" the faith

Apologists

- Attacks the folly of idolatry

- Makes a case for the legal innocence of Christians

- Helps develop Christian theology

Justin Martyr

- one of the most significant apologists

- died a martyr (beheaded)

Diocletian

takes over eastern empire

- Christianity spreads to the entire empire and spreads to the ruling class

- Bishop assumes monarchical status

- Composition of Church Orders writings

- Division between clergy and laity

- Congregations begin meeting in official churches

What happens in the spread of Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries

Maximian

Takes over western empire

Constantine the Great

Who defeated Rome

Problems of Power

- Christianity loses its Eschatological orientation

- Canonical writings written for small persecuted sect, not societal empowerment

- Christianity becomes more Greco-Roman than Jewish

- Church gains land, wealth, and political power

It becomes politically advantageous to be

Eschatology

study of the "end times"

Paul the Hermit

legendary founding figure of monasticism - many people sought his opinion

Antony of Egypt

Father of Monasticism

Benedict

Father of Western (Europe) Monasticism

First empire wide meeting of Bishops to determine correct doctrine

What was the Council of Nicaea?

Benedictine Monasticism

stresses "prayer and work"

Franciscan Monasticism

stresses service to the poor

Dominican Monasticism

stresses intellectual service

Poverty, Chastity, and Obedience

What are the three vows of monasticism

Emperor Constantius

Who outlaws pagan sacrifice

Emperor Julian the Apostate

- Grows up christian but converts to paganism and removes christians

- Wants to restore Rome to its former glory/religion/culture

Tertullian

Who is the father of Latin Theology?

Latin

What was the language of Roman Elite?

Greek

What was the language of slaves and lower class?

Adoptionism (Docetists)

Believed that Jesus was only adopted by God, but not his true son

Modalism (Monarchians/Sabellians)

God doesn't just appear, he comes in different modes

Arianism

Believe Jesus is not equal with God because he is a created being

Athanasius of Alexandra

- Young deacon present at Nicaea who was elected to become Bishop of Alexandria

- Developed the concept of the "incarnation" while in exile

- Writes The Life of Antony

- Develops genre of hagiography

Incarnation

importance of Jesus as God entering into human existence

Hagiography

a legendary biography of a holy person that serves didactic purposes