terminology

joint cavity

space between the articulating bones that contains small amount of synovial fluid

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers the surfaces of the bones forming the joint

articular capsule

2 layers that enclose joint cavity; fibrous layer and synovial membrane

synovial fluid

viscous fluid located in joint cavity and articular cartilage

reinforcing ligaments

capsular ligament: thickens the fibrous layers

extracapsular: found outside articular capsule

intracapsular: sensory nerve fibers detect pain / joint stretching

articular discs

pads composed of fibrocartilage

bursa and tendon sheath

sac filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction where lligaments, musclces, skin, tendons, and bones rub together

flexion

movement that decreases angle of joint and the distance between bones; bending knee of elbow

extension

movement that increases angle of joint and the distance between bones

abduction

movement of limb away from midline of body

adduction

movement of limb toward the midline of body

rotation

movement of ball and socket joints

circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

pronation

movement of the palm from anterior to posterior position

supination

movement of palm from posterior to anterior position

dorsiflexion

movement of ankle joint that lifts the foot upward

plantar flexion

movement of ankle which the foot is flexed downward

inversion

movement that turns the foot medially

eversion

movement that turns the foot laterally