Bio Exam 4

What are the 6 Kingdoms

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea

What is the sequence of invertebrate phyla from primitive to advanced

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda

Porifera

-Sponges

-Asymmetrical

-Just cells

-0 tissue layers

-No mouth or anus

-No coelom status or protocol-or deuterostome status because they do not have three germ layers

Cnidaria

-Jellyfish, Hydra, Sea Anemone, Corals, Portugeuse Man-O' War

-Radial Symmetry

-Has tissues

-2 tissue layers

-Mouth no anus

-No coelom status or protocol-or deuterstome status because they do not have three germ layers

Platyhelminthes

-Planarians, Tapeworms, Flukes

-Bilateral symmetry

-Simple organ system

-3 tissue layers

-Mouth no anus

-Acoelomate

-Not a proto or deuterostome because it has incomplete digestion

Nematoda

-Hookworm, Pinworms, Intestinal Roundworm, Guinea Worm

-Bilateral symmetry

-Organ system

-3 tissue layers

-Mouth and anus

-Pseudocoelomates

-Protosome

Annelida

-Earthworms, leeches, bristle, and sandworms

-Bilateral symmetry

-Organ system

-3 tissue layers

mouth and anus

-eucoelomates

-protostome

Mollusca

-Chitons, tusk shells, snails, slugs

-Bilateral symmetry

-Organ system

-3 tissue layers

-Mouth and anus

-Eucoelomates

-Protostomes

Arthopoda

-Bilateral symmetry

-Organ systems

-Complete digestive system

-3 tissue layers

-protostomes

-eucoelomates

-exoskeleton

-jointed appendages

Xiphosura

Sea spiders and horseshoe crabs

Arachnida

Ticks, spiders, scorpions, mites, and harvestman

Insecta

Insects

Crustacea

Crabs, shrimp, barnacles, crayfish

Chilopoda

Centipedes

Diplopoda

millipedes

Echinodermata

-Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumber, brittle stars, crinoids

-Radial symmetry as adults but bilateral as larvae

-Organ system

-3 tissue layers

-Mouth and anus

-Eucoelomate

-Deuterostome

-Water vascular system

What are the three germ layers?

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

Ectoderm

-Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (including sweat glads, hair follicles)

-Nervous system

Mesoderm

-Skeletal system

-Musclar system

-Lining of body cavity

Endoderm

-Epithelial lining of digestive tract

-Epithelial lining of respiratory system

Embryonical Stages

Unfertilized egg, zygotę, 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage, 8 cell stage, 16 cell stage (morula), early blastula, late blastula, early gastrula, late gastrula

Archenteron

Space inside called the gastrocele

What is the opening to the archenteron called?

The opening to the archenteron is called the blastopore

What is the different between a pseudocoelom and a true coelom (eucoelomate) and examples of each

Pseudocoelom contains the three layers with a digestive cavity; a true coelom has a mesentery and a coelom

What phylum are protostomes

Nematoda, annelids, mollusks, and arthropods

What phylum are deuterostomes

Echinoderms, and chordates

What are the characteristics of protostomes

Mouth develops from blastopore, determinate cells; cell fate is determined by the components of the cytoplasm found in each blastomere; morphogenetic determinants

What are the characteristics of deuterostomes

Anus develops from blastopore; indeterminate cells; the fate of a cell depends on its interactions with neighbors, not what piece of cytoplasm it has. A blastomere isolated in cleavage is able to form a whole individual

Agnantha

-Ex: lampreys and hagfish

-jawless fish

-seven pairs of gill pouches

-no scales

-lack paired appendages

Chondrichthyes

-cartilaginous fish

-ex. rays, skates, sharks, ratfish

-cartilage skeleton

-paired appendages (fins)

-respiration by gills

-ectothermic- cold-blooded

-tooth-like scales

-lay eggs and live birth

Osteichthyes

-bony fish

-ex: sea horse, ray-finned fish, gar, moray eel, angelfish, a lobe-finned fish

-bony skeleton

-respires using gills

-ectothermic

-has fins

-skin usually with scales

-lay eggs and live birth

Amphibia

-amphibians

-ex: frogs, salamanders, and caecilians

-bony skeleton

-paired appendages

-metamorphisis- from tadpole to adult

-fins as larvae and legs as adults

-respiration by gills (larvae) and lungs (adult) and skin

-ectothermic

-skin with glands but no scales or claws

-lay eggs (no amnion) and live bearers (caecilians and few salamanders)

-reproduction: mouth brooders, hip-pocket frog

Reptiles

-Ex: tuatara, turtles, crocodilians, amphisbaenids, lizards, snakes

-bony skeleton

-paired appendages (except for snakes)

-respiration by lungs

-ectothermic

-skin with scales and claws

-lay eggs and live birth

-1st totally terrestrial vertebrates because of this amniotic egg

Aves

-Ex:birds

-bony skeleton

-paired appendages (legs and wings)

-respiration by lungs

-endothermic- warm-blooded

-skin with feathers and claws

-lay eggs (no live birth)- only vertebrate class that only lays eggs

Mammalia

-bony skeleton

-paired appendages

-respiration by lungs

-endothermic

-skin with hair and nails/claws

-mammary glands

-live birth (lays eggs in 1 group)

-three groups: montromenes, marsupials, placental mammals

Montromenes

-Egg-laying

-milk secretion is over belly- no nipples

-ex: duck-billed platypus, echnida

Marsupials

-Ex: koala, kangaroo, wallaby

-young are born at an early embryonic stage

-crawl up into pouch (marsupium)

-clamp onto nipple

-finish development

-embyronic diapuase- pretty much always pregnant, most have two vaginas

Placental mammals

-Embryo remains in uterus a longer time

-nourishment of fetus via placenta and umbilical cord

-ex: US!

Primitive vs Advanced

-Primitive trait is the original condition of that trait in the common ancestor; advanced indicates a notable change from the original condition

Cephalization

-the concentration of sense organs at the interior end of the body, forming a brain and spinal cord

-we saw it first in Platyhelminthes

Blastocoel

-A fluid filled cavity, or space, in the developmental stage known as a blastula

Gastrocoel

Primitive digestive tube or digestive cavity of gastrula

Morula

Cluster of cells formed through cell division in very embryonic development

Choanocyte

-Cells that line the interior asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body types of sponges that contain a center flagellum, or cilium, surrounded by a collar of microvilli which are connected by a thin membrane

Which invert group has an alternation of generation

Plants, algae, and fungi