chapter 12 (part 2)- Protozoan diseases

Protista (plant-like)

Kingdom of algae

Eukarya

domain of algae

unicellur, filamentous, or multicellular

Describe algae

photoautotrophs

Most algae are...

asexual reproduction in algae

Spore, fragmentation, fission

sexual reproduction in algae

Conjugation, gametes

Green algae

Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants.

Brown algae

One of a group of marine, multicellular, autotrophic protists, the most common type of seaweed. Brown algae include the kelps.

red algae

marine algae in which the chlorophyll is masked by a red or purplish pigment

Phaeophyta (brown algae)

-multicellular (kelps and seaweed)
used as an emulsifier
- gas bladders
-cellulose and align
- laminator japonica

Rhodophyta (red algae)

-Cellulose cell walls
-Most are multicellular
-Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins
-Store glucose polymer
-Harvested for agar and carrageenan

Chlorophyta (green algae)

-Resemble plants, multicellular or unicellular, -flagellated gametes
- cellulose in cell walls
- red eye spot, photo detector pigment
- chloroplast for photosynthesis

Bacillariophyta

- diatoms
- pectin and silica (glass) in cell wall
- unicellular
- store extra oil for energy
- some produce domoic acid intoxication

Dinoflagellata

- cellulose in cell membrane
- unicellular

Alexandrium (dinoflagellate)

Saxitoxin, causing paralytic shellfish poising
Paralysis of respiratory muscle

Karelia brevis (dinoflagellata)

Causes fish to die
Produces a neurotoxin that gets into the gills of fish and suffocates them

Phytophthora infestans (dinoflagellata)

Irish potato blight, potato fields were failing

Algal bloom

an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient

Protista

Kingdom of Protozoa

Eukarya

Domain of Protozoa

Unicellular, pellicle, they make cyst, in water and soil

Protozoa is...

Asexual reproduction in Protozoa

fission, budding, or schizogony

Sexual reproduction in Protozoa

Conjugation, gametes

Ciliates

A group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia.
- cytostome oral: groove where food comes in
- anal pore: where waste exists
- micronucleus and macronucleus
- contractile vacuole: expand and contract

Balatidium coli (ciliates)

giant pig protozoan

Amoebozoa

--psuedopodia
--engulf food (phagocytosis)
--soil and water
--some parasitic
- amoeba proteus

Entamoeba histolytica (amebea)

- causes amoebic dysentery, blood in stool, fever, abdominal pain
- Found in water, so drinking contaminated water
- red blood cells in ambea

Acanthamoeba (amebea)

- Keratitis which can lead to blindness
- found in tap water
- inflammation of lens
- cornea infection

Parabasalids

A group of protistans, including the trichomonads, that lacks mitochondria.

Tricomonas vaginalis

- undulating membrane, motility
- no cyst stage
- no mitochondria
- causes urinary tract infection and genital tract infection (men and women)

Diplomonads

a protist that has no mitochondria, two equal-sized nuclei, and multiple flagella

Giardia intestinalis

- no mitochondria
- adjustive disk that's attached to epithelial cells of digestive tract, intestine
- found in contaminated water and moist soil
- severe diarrhea infection
- cyst can't be removed with chlorine
- in human stool

Apicomplexa

-nonmotile, Apical complex
- obligate intracellular parasites
- complex life cycle

Toxoplasma gondii (apicomplexa)

- Mild to no symptoms in health people
- If late in pregnancy it affects the fetus and mental retardation, blindness, seizures, under developed head
- affected by changing kitty litter
- others can get affected by eating poorly cooked beef
- cat is the host and rats cows & people are the intermediate host

definitive host

an organism that harbors the adult, sexually mature form of a parasite

intermediate host

an organism that supports the immature or nonreproductive forms of a parasite.

Apicomplexa Plasmodium vivax

malaria

Plasmodium vivax

70-90% of cases in Asia & South America,
1-10% in Africa

P. ovale

8% of cases in Africa, stray cases in Asia

P.malariae

2-3% of the cases in Africa, sporadic in Asia & S.America

P.falciparum

80-90% of the cases in Africa, 40-50% in S.E. Asia, 4-30% in s. Asia and s. America

Sporozoites

Infective stage - Malaria

Merozoites

Ring stage- malaria

Cryptosporidium (apicomplexa)

- transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness
- contaminated water of the cyst
- attaches to intestinal epithelial wall
- severe diarrheal infection

Euglenoza

- also known as Hemoflagellates
- no mitochondria

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (euglenozoa)

- trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness
- vectors: tsetse fly
- appear weak and last for many years
- affects the center nervous system, liver, spleen
- if not treated chronic fever headache, change of personality, difficulty to concentrate or walk

Trypanosoma cruzi (euglenozoa)

- American sleeping sickness (Chagas disease)
- vector: kissing bug
- bug bites on the face and defecates
- cardiac nerves affects and causes heart failure
- coma, difficult swallowing, enlarged colon

Leishmania tropica

Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Papule that ulcerates and scars are
Sandflies

Leishmania braziliensis

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Disfiguring, distribution of tissue
Sandflies

Leishmania donovani

visceral leishmaniasis
Fatal if untreated
Sandflies

Naegleria fowleri

- primary amoebic meningoencephalitis ("the brain-eating amoeba")
- Found in tap water, rare and fatal
- focal hemorrhage and necrosis in frontal cortex

Pathogenic Protozoa