EDUC 134 Final Study Guide

Disorder

A significant disturbance associated with distress and disability in various activities, not including culturally approved responses to stressors or socially deviant behaviors unless resulting from individual dysfunction.

Behavioral Indicators of Disorders

Includes time course, developmental regression, delays, persistence of difficulties, quantitative and qualitative aspects, and inappropriate behavior.

Gender Differences in Diagnosis

Refers to the varied expressions of disorders, biological vulnerabilities, gender role socialization, and referral biases in diagnosis and treatment.

Separation Anxiety

Involves excessive fear or anxiety when separated from an attachment figure, with specific symptoms required for diagnosis.

Social Anxiety

Characterized by persistent fear or anxiety in social situations, leading to significant distress or impairment in social functioning.

Phobia

Involves fear or anxiety about specific objects or events, leading to avoidance and impairment in various areas of functioning.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Marked by excessive worry and anxiety for at least six months, with specific symptoms required for diagnosis.

Panic Disorder

Involves recurrent panic attacks and persistent concern or maladaptive behavior changes due to the attacks.

Major Depressive Disorder

Main symptoms include sadness, anhedonia, and irritability, with specific criteria for diagnosis and recovery patterns.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Characterized by chronic but less severe depressive symptoms lasting at least two years for adults and one year for children and adolescents.

Dizygotic

Twins who share 50% of genes

Risk factors

Increase the likelihood of an outcome

Protective factors

Decrease risk and enhance resilience

Fear

Immediate response to danger

Panic

Sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety

Anxiety

Strong negative emotion anticipating danger

Modeling/social learning

Behavior learned through observation

Classical conditioning

Learning through association

Operant conditioning

Learning through reinforcement or punishment

Exposure therapy

Treatment for anxiety disorders

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Effective for anxiety disorders

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Inattention

Lack of focus and organization

Hyperactivity

Excessive movement and impulsivity

Conduct Disorders

Antisocial behaviors violating norms

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED)

Recurrent aggressive outbursts

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Defiant behavior and anger

Conduct Disorder (CD)

Persistent violation of others' rights

Parent Management Training (PMT)

Teaches parents to manage behavior

Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

Therapy for parents and children together

Multisystemic Treatment (MST)

Targets family, school, and peers to reduce future offenses and arrests, but is costly.

Emotional Disturbance

Category under IDEA where ODD, CD, and IED fall.

Critical Classroom Considerations for Antisocial Behavior

Structured environment, routines, expectations, reinforcement, calm teacher, no yelling, 5:1 ratio.

504 Plan for ODD

Example includes modeling and promoting appropriate self-advocacy skills and encouraging expression of feelings without fear.

IEP for Conduct Problems

Example includes responding to staff directives in an expected manner within a specific time frame.

Autism

Characterized by severe and pervasive impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors.

DSM Criteria for ASD

Includes deficits in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.

Deficits in Social Communication for ASD

Include social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and interpersonal relationships.

Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors in ASD

Include stereotyped behaviors, adherence to routines, fixated interests, and sensory reactivity.

Autism Diagnosis

Typically around 3-4 years, with symptoms observed within the first 2 years of life.

Prognosis Factors for Autism

Include intellectual ability, linguistic abilities, and social engagement.

IEP Goal for Autism

Example includes identifying emotional states in others within a specific timeframe.

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

Uses learning principles to teach behaviors, focusing on antecedents, behaviors, and consequences.

PTSD

Involves intrusion, avoidance, negative mood states, and arousal following a traumatic event lasting at least a month.

Criteria for PTSD

Includes exposure to traumatic events, intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and marked alterations in arousal.

Acute Stress Disorder

Similar to PTSD but lasts 3 days to 1 month after trauma.

OCD

Involves obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).

Academic Instruction Strategies for Trauma

Include building on strengths, maintaining routines, clear expectations, language-based teaching, and support from school.

Insight in OCD

Refers to the individual's recognition of the validity of their obsessive-compulsive beliefs.

Prevalence of OCD

1-2% in adults, 25% in 5-15 year olds, more common in boys in childhood.

Prognosis of OCD

Typically starts at age 19.5, 25% of cases start by age 14, gradual onset is common, chronic if untreated.

Trends in OCD and suicide

44% experience suicidal ideation, 14% attempt; higher with depression or anxiety.

Differences between OCD and anxiety disorders

Primary symptoms in OCD are not fear, panic, or worry; different cognitive patterns.

Causes of OCD

Moderately heritable, more likely with a first-degree relative with OCD, compulsions are negatively reinforced.

Treatments for OCD

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Exposure and Response Prevention, CBT + medication.

Category of IDEA for OCD

Falls under Emotional Disturbance.

Symptoms of OCD interfering with learning

Obsessions and compulsions act as distractors.

Accommodations for students with OCD

Use of tape recorder, priority in receiving handouts, untimed tests or alternative locations.