Theories of Personality

Anima

female component of the male psyche

Animus

male component of the female psyche

Archetype

inherited predisposition to responds emotionally to certain aspects of the world. All of these taken together make up the collective unconscious.

penetrate through dreams, art, symptoms

anima/animus, persona, shadow, self

Attitudes

general orientations of the psyche when relating to the world. The two basic attitudes are introversion and extroversion

Causality

belief that a person's personality can be explained in terms of past experiences

Childhood

stage of development that lasts from birth to adolescence during which time libidinal energy is invested in learning the basic skills necessary for survival and sexual activities

Collective Unconscious

collection of inherited predispositions that humans have to respond to certain events. These predispositions come from the universal experiences humans have had throughout their evolutionary past.

Complex

organized groups of thoughts, feelings, or memories about a certain person or object.

exist in the personal unconscious.

Creative Illness

according to Ellenberger, a period of intense preoccupation with a search for a particular truth. This search is usually accompanied by depression, psychosomatic ailments, neuroses, and perhaps psychotic episodes.

Extroversion

tendency to be externally oriented, confident, outgoing, and gregarious

Feeling

function of thought that determines whether an object or event is valued positively or negatively

pleasure, pain, sorrow, love

Functions of Thought

determines how a person perceives the world and deals with information and experience. The four functions of thought are sensing, thinking, felling, and intuiting.

Individuation

process whereby a person comes to recognize the various components of his or her psyche and gives them expression within the context of his or her life. A process that is prerequisite to approximating self-realization

Inflation of the Persona

condition that exists when one's persona is too highly valued

Introversion

Tendency to be internally oriented, quiet, subjective, and nonsocial

Intuiting

function of thought that makes hunches about objects or events when factual information is not available.

Irrational Functions

Jung referred to sensing and intuiting as these because they do not involve logical thought processess

Libido

According to Jung, the general life of energy that can be directed to any problem that arises, be it biological or spiritual.

Mandala

Sanskrit word for circle. It is a symbol of wholeness, completeness, and perfection; that is, it symbolizes the self

Middle Age

Stage of development that lasts from about forty to the later years of life during which time libidinal energy is invested in philosophical and spiritual pursuits. This stage is the most important.

Persona

superficial aspect of the psyche that a person displays publicly. It includes the various roles one must play to function in society

Personal Unconscious

consists of material from one's lifetime that was once conscious and then repressed or material that was not vivid enough to make an initial conscious impression.

recall

Principle of Entropy

second law of thermodynamics that states a constant tendency exists toward equalizing energy

Principle of Equivalence

first law of thermodynamics that states the amount of energy in a system is fixed and, therefore if some of it is removed from one part of the system, it must show up in another part.

Principle of Opposites

contention that each component of the psyche has an opposite

Psyche

term that Jung equated with personality

Rational Functions

Jung referred to thinking and feeling as these because they involve making judgments and evaluations about experiences

Self

state of the psyche if the individuation process has been completely successful. when the various components of the psyche are harmonized, the self becomes the center of all the various opposing psychic forces. the emerge of the self, coming into selfhood, and self-realization were synonymously by Jung

Self-Realization

states of balance and harmony that is reached when the various components of the psyche are recognized and given expression

Sensing

function of thought that detects the presence of objects

Shadow

deepest part of the collective unconscious that contains all the animalistic urges that characterized our prehuman existence.

Synchrionicity

meaningful coincidence. when two independent events come together in a meaningful way

Teleology

belief that a person's anticipations of the future must be considered if that a person's personality is to be completely understood

Thinking

function of thought that names an object,

Value

those components of the personality that have an abundance of libidinal energy invested in them are valued more than components with less energy invested in them.

Word-Association Test

research technique that Jung used to explore the complexes within the personal unconscious. It consisted of reading 100 words one at a time and having a person respond as quickly as possible with a word of his or her own.

Young Adulthood

stage of development that lasts from adolescence to about forty. During this time, libidinal energy is invested in learning a vocation, getting married, raising children, and participating in community life.

Horney

1885-1952

-born in Germany

-Father: strict, religious; mother: spirited, freethinking (they didn't get along)

-felt rejected by parents (called her homely and unintelligent)

-envied brother because he was male (wanted affection)

-search for love vs. career

-depression in adulthood

-relationship with Erich Fromm

-began Freudian psychoanalysis

-turned to self analysis

-founded psychoanalytic associations

safety need

need security and freedom from fear

-need to know parents love them and will take care of them

-normal if they get security and freedom from fear; if they don't get these, not normal

-every child has one

-children can endure a lot (even abuse) if they have their ____ met

infant helplessness

-can lead to repression and hostility

-arises from parental behaviors (EX: lack of warmth and affection, guilt)

hostility

How is ____ repressed in children?

1. children can be kept in dependent state→ maintain ____ bc feel they need you

2. parents that are too punishing→ become afraid parents will hurt them

3. fake warmth/affection can lead to ____→ kids are smart but don't want to lose even fake warmth/affection

basic anxiety

-persuasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness

-foundation of neurosis

-responsibility always falls on parent's behaviors

self-protective mechanisms

1. securing affection and love

2. being submissive

3. attaining power

4. withdrawing

-arent bad if used in a transient way

-problems occur when you focus only on 1

-1,2, and 3 involve other people

-Horney thinks _____ are more important than sex and other physiological needs

securing affection and love

(of self-protective mechanisms)

if you love me, you want hurt me

being submissive

(of self-protective mechanisms)

if I do what you want, you won't hurt me

attaining power

(of self-protective mechanisms)

if I have the power, you cannot hurt me; in charge

withdrawing

(of self-protective mechanisms)

I don't need anyone; if I'm not involved with other people, they can't hurt me

neurotic needs

-overused self-protective mechanisms

-ten irrational defenses against anxiety→ fall into 3 neurotic trends

neurotic trends

-expression of needs

-3 categories of behavior and attitudes

compliant personality

(movement toward people)

1. affection and approval

2. dominant partner

aggressive personality

(movement against people)

1. power

2. exploitation

3. prestige

4. admiration

5. achievement

detached personality

(movement away from people)

1. self-sufficiency

2. perfection

3. narrow limits to life

compliant personality

(of neurotic trends)

-moving toward people

-subordinate personal desires

-fear rejection

-put desires of others above yourself; want approval, affection

-appear or act incompetent when they really aren't, want you to take care of them; appear weak and helpless→ need protection

-driven by insecurity, anxiety, and hostility

-goal is to make them find you attractive

aggressive personality

(of neurotic trends)

-moving against people

-maintains superiority and power

-driven by insecurity, anxiety, and hostility

-highly successful in work

-never display fear of rejection

-perform at highest level

-judge people on "how can you benefit me"

-do not appease anyone→ not generally nice

detached personality

(of neurotic trends)

-moving away from people

-maintains emotional distance and privacy→ want privacy at all cost

-sense of superiority→ "i don't need approval, I know I'm better than you"

-suppress feelings toward others

-avoid or deny constraints (EX: car loan, marriage, tie, tight belt)

conflict

-neurotic trends incompatible

-core of neurosis

neurotic person

-one of the three trends is dominant (controls behaviors, anxiety, attitudes)

-other need in conflict and go unmet (they're present but to a much lesser degree)

-in a normal person, all 3 trends expressed when they need to be

idealized self-image

-idealized picture of oneself

-unifies personality

healthy characteristics

(normal person)

-realistic appraisal of abilities

-flexible and dynamic

-reflects growth and self awareness

neurotic characteristics

-unattainable and inflexible ideal

-leads to denial of self

-tyranny of the shoulds, externalization

tyranny of the shoulds

(of neurotic characteristics)

behaving how one thinks they should

externalization

(of neurotic characteristics)

projecting conflicts on the outside world

-creates anxiety and this is how they deal with it

feminine psychology

-began in 1922 in opposition to Freud

-revision of psychoanalysis to encompass womanhood and women's roles

oedipus complex

(of feminine psychology)

-not sexual

-represents conflict between dependence and hostility

womb envy

(of feminine psychology)

envy men feel toward women due to her capacity for motherhood

-sublimate this envy into working hard

fight for womanhood

(of feminine psychology)

-denial of femininity

-women's unconscious wish to be men

-feel inferior bc men make them that way

-society and culture make women feel inferior

-some causes sexual fear→ rooted in childhood

motherhood or career

(of feminine psychology)

social and cultural conflict

-struggle to choose

questions about human nature

-free will

-nurture influence

-past and present focus

-uniqueness emphasized

-growth and flexibility

-optimistic

assessment

-modified Freudian techniques

-importance of relationship between analyst and patient: focused on relationship; "connective friendliness"

-free association, dream analysis

free association

(of assessment)

reaction towards analyst explains attitudes toward others

-she says you can fake it or not tell the whole story so she only focuses on attitudes

dream analysis

(of assessment)

analyzed feelings in the dream

-didn't are much about dreams

-cared about feelings during dreams

Accusation

form of neurotic aggression that involves blaming other people for one's short-comings and seeking revenge against those people

Aggression

as a safeguarding strategy, aggression can take three forms: deprecation, accusation, and self-accusation

Avoiding type person

person exhibiting the mistaken lifestyle of avoiding the attempt to solve life's problems, thereby escaping possible defeat. such a person lacks adequate social interest.

Birth order

one of the topics adler studied in order to understand personality. he believe that different birth orders created different situations to which children must adjust and that this adjustment may have an influence of personality development.

Compensation

making up for a weakness, such as organ inferieority by emphasizing functions that substitute for the weakness

Creative Self

free element of the personality that allows the person to choose between alternative fictional goals and lifestyles. it is the differential exercise of this creative power than is mainly responsible fr individual differences

Depreciation

neurotic safeguarding strategy whereby one's accomplishments are overvalued and the accomplishments of others are undervalued. form of idealization and solicitude.

Idealization

standards used to judge people are so high that no real person could live up to their expectations

Solicitude

neurotic acts as if other people could not get along with them

Distancing

safeguarding strategy used by neurotics that involves creating barriers between themselves and their problems in life

-use of childlike behavior to get attention

-neurotic's inability to solve life's problems creates anxiety

Dream Analysis

He believe that the primary purpose of dreams was to create emotions that could be used by dreamers to support their mistaken lifestyles. Dreams, then, were analyzed to learn about the lifestyles of dreamers.

Excuses

safeguarding strategy whereby neurotics use their sympotoms as excuses for their shortcomings

Feelings of Inferiority

feelings that one has of being inferior, whether or not these feelings are justified by real circumstances. Such feelings, can lead either to positive accomplishments or to an inferiority complex

Fictional finalism

(guiding self ideal and guiding fiction) fictional future goal that one aspires. this goal is the end to which the person is aspiring, and his or her lifestyle is the means to that end

FIrst-born child

the child is the focus of attention until the birth of a sibling "dethrones" him. The loss felt by this child when the second child is born often creates bitterness that causes problems later in life. This is the most troublesome birth position

First memories

a person's earliest recollections. provide a basis for a person's worldview, fictional final goal, and lifestyle. as one's personality changes, so does the first memories

Fraternal Birth Order Effect

the more older, biologically related brothers a ale child has, the more likely he is to be homosexual

Fundamental Fact of Life

People aspire to become superior or perfect.

Healthy persons aspire toward social rather than individual perfection

Getting-leaning type person

person exhibiting the mistaken lifestyle that expects everything to be given to him or her by others. lack adequate social interest

Individual Psychology

Adler's theory. each person is an integrated whole striving to attain future goals and attempting to find meaning in life while working harmoniously with others

Inferieority Complex

psychological condition that exists when a person is overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority to the point at which nothing can be accomplished.

Lifestyle

the primary means by which one attempts to attain his or her self-created or fictional goals in life

Masculine Protest

attempting to become more powerful by being more masculine. both men and women do this.

Mistaken Lifestyle

any lifestyle that is not aimed at socially useful goals. Any lifestyle that minimizes social interest

Neglecting

condition that causes the child to feel worthless and angry and to be distrustful to everyone

Only Child

sweet, affectionate, and charming in order to appeal to others.

Organ inferiority

condition that exists when one organ does not develop normally. can stimulate compensation or over compensation, which is healthy or can result in inferiority complex, which is unhealthy

Overcompensation

process by which, through effort, a previous weakness is converted into a strength. an example is when a frail child works hard to become an athlete

Physical inferiority

actual physical weakness