Upper Limb Muscles, Movements, and Range of Motion (ROM)

Biceps brachii

Origin: Short head - coracoid process of scapula; Long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Insertion: Radial tuberosity & bicipital aponeurosis. Action: Elbow flexion, forearm supination. Nerve: Musculocutaneous (C5-C6).

Brachialis

Origin: Distal half of anterior humerus. Insertion: Coronoid process & ulnar tuberosity. Action: Elbow flexion. Nerve: Musculocutaneous (C5-C6).

Brachioradialis

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus. Insertion: Styloid process of radius. Action: Elbow flexion (esp. neutral position). Nerve: Radial nerve (C5-C6).

Triceps brachii

Origin: Long head - infraglenoid tubercle; Lateral head - posterior humerus (proximal to radial groove); Medial head - posterior humerus (distal to radial groove). Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna. Action: Elbow extension. Nerve: Radial nerve (C6-C8).

Anconeus

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus. Insertion: Olecranon & proximal ulna. Action: Assists in elbow extension. Nerve: Radial nerve (C7-C8).

Supinator

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus & ulna. Insertion: Proximal radius. Action: Supination. Nerve: Radial nerve.

Pronator teres

Origin: Medial epicondyle & coronoid process of ulna. Insertion: Mid-radius. Action: Pronation, weak elbow flex. Nerve: Median nerve.

Pronator quadratus

Origin: Distal ulna. Insertion: Distal radius. Action: Pronation. Nerve: Median nerve.

Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)

Action: Flex & radial deviate wrist- right answer

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)

Action: Flex & ulnar deviate wrist.

Palmaris longus

Action: Weak flexor.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)

Action: Flex wrist + fingers.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)

Action: Flex wrist + fingers.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) and

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Action: Extend & radial deviate wrist.- Right answer

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

Action: Extend & radial deviate wrist.

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

Action: Extend & ulnar deviate wrist.

Extensor Digitorum (ED)

Action: Extend wrist + digits.

Extensor Indicis (EI)

Action: Extend index.

Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)

Action: Extend little finger.

Dorsal interossei

Action: Abduct digits (DAB).

Palmar interossei

Action: Adduct digits (PAD).

Lumbricals

Action: Flex MCP, extend PIP & DIP (Alligator 'chomp chomp').

Normal ROM (Elbow flexion)

0-150°.

Normal ROM (Elbow extension)

0°-70- Right answer

Normal ROM (Forearm pronation)

0-80°.

Normal ROM (Forearm supination)

0-80°.

Normal ROM (Wrist flexion) and PIP flexion

0-80

Normal ROM (Wrist extension)

0-70°.

Normal ROM (Radial deviation)

0-20°.

Normal ROM (Ulnar deviation)

0-30°.

Normal ROM (MCP flexion)

0-90°.

Normal ROM (MCP extension)

0-45°.

Normal ROM (PIP flexion)

0-110°.

Normal ROM (DIP flexion) and wrist flexion

0-80°- Correct answer

Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade 5

Full ROM against gravity + max resistance.

Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade 4

Full ROM against gravity + mod resistance.

Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade 3

Full ROM against gravity, no resistance.

Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade 2

Full ROM gravity-eliminated.

Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade 1

Palpable contraction, no motion.

Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade 0

No contraction.