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When did Johnson pardon all Confederate leaders
1868
How was the South doing after the war
very bad. economy bad because of inflation, cities, railways destroyed, agriculture ruined too without slave labor
Was slavery easy to get rid of
No, it took awhile for every southern state to obey the law, some slaves even resisted liberation because of loyalty to their masters
When was the Freedmens Bureau created
1865
What did the bureau do
Gave freedmen and poor whites food, clothing, medicine, shelter, and taught freedmen how to read
What was a failure of bureau
Never went through with the 40 acres and a mule plan
What was Lincoln’s ten% reconstruction plan(1863)
Said a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 took a vote of allegiance to the Union and to abide by emancipation
How was the 10% plan received
Republican’s feared it would give the planter class their power back, and even bring back slavery. Passed the Wade Davis bill in retaliation
What is the Wade Davis Bill(1864)
Required that 50% of a states voters take oath of allegiance and stronger safeguards for emancipation. Lincoln pocket vetoed it
What is a pocket veto
indirect veto by leaving the bill unsigned until it is too late to deal with in the legislative season
What happened as a result of Lincoln’s veto of the bill
The Republican party split into 2 groups. The majority who supported Lincoln and the minority that felt the South should suffer before being admitted
What was Johnson Reconstruction plan(1865)
called for special state conventions to: repeal the order of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Also disinfranchised Confederate leaders with taxable property worth more than $20,000, though they could petition for personal pardons
Which Amendment freed slaves
Thirteenth
What were the Black Codes
aimed to have a stable and subservient workforce. used sharecropping and tenant farming
What is sharecropping
Plantation owners would rent out pieces of their land to blacks and make the cost of rent higher than the return the land produced. The renters of the land were bound by contract to continue to work the land until debts were repaid to the plantation owner. Unable to repay the debts, blacks began to "jump" their contracts. Those who jumped their contract would be punished
What is tenant farming
They paid the landlord - often through a portion of the crop they raised - to use his land
What other things did the Black Codes do
denied them the right to serve a jury or vote
What happened in Congress in December of 1865
South represented themselves, feare they would take over as freedment counted as a whole person now
Why did Congress pass the Civil Rights Bill(1866)
Because Johnson vetoed a bill extending the life of the Bureau
What was the Civil Rights Bill
gave freedmen citizenship, Congress overruled Johnsons veto for this bill
Why was the 14th amendment passed
Congress feared that the south would get rid of the Civil Rights Bill
What is the 14th Amendment(1866)
Gave citizenship to freedmen, reduced the reprsentation in Congress of states that denied blacks right to vote. Dis qualified from state and federal officer former Confederate leader guaranteed Federal debt with Union absorbing Confederate debts
Why did the 14th amendment give Congress lots of power
They had right to overrule the president and began controlling the government and Reconstruction
What was the Reconstruction Act(1867)
Divided the south into 5 military districts each commanded by a Union general and protected by union police. States, to be put back into the Union had to ratify the 14th amendment and grant all adult male blacks right to vote. Set up military power in the south
15th Amendment(1869)
Gave freedmen right to vote
When did Reconstruction end
1877 last federal troops left
How did the freedmen start to organize
particpated in the Union League, a pro union organization. Turned into a network of poltical hubs educated Freedmen and campaigned for Republicans, opened black churches and schools. Black s began to hold major public offices
Scalawags
Southerners accused with plundering treasuries of the southern states through their political influence in radical governments
Carpetbaggers
Northerns who moved south to seek profit and power
KKK(invisible empire of the south)
Founded in Tennessee in 1866, group worked through intimidation
Congress passed Force Acts in retaliation to the KKK(1870,1871)
Enabled Federal troops to stop the group but it had already intimidated too many people
Tenure Office Act(1867)
required the president to get consent of the Senate before he could remove his cabinet members did this to keep secretary of war Edwin Stanton in office
What did Johnson do about stanton
got rid of him, Congress coul now bring charges against Johnson. House of Rep voted to impeach him
What did Johnson do about his impeachment
said the Tenure Act was unconstitutional, he was voted not guilty by one vote
When and how was Alaska bought
1867 William Seward, secretary of state signed a treaty with Russia for it for $7.2 mil
What was Grants presidency called
Era of Good Stealings
What were some of the coprruptions going on in Grant’s presidency
Boss Tweed, Jim Fisk, Jay Gould bought and hoareded lots of gold drivbing up the price. Congress had to sell own gold to lower the price
When and why was the Liberal Republican Party formed(1872)
Formed in response to political corruption and dissatisfaction of military Reconstruction
What was the amnesty act of 1872
Liberal Republicans removed political restrictions from former Confederate leaders
What caused the panic of 1873
overspeculation, Banks gave too many foolish loans to land expansio, when no profits appeared people could not pay back their votes
What other financial problems arose
Mistrust of the govt led to an inflation of greenbacks
Resumption Act(1875)
required govt to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and redeem all paper currnecy at face value in gold starting in 1879
What other things did Congress do in the financial crisis
stopped minting silver 1873 when silver miners began to stop selling their silver to the federal mints; miners could receive more money for the silver, elsewhere.
The policy of the Treasury accumulating gold stock to replace the greenbacks was known as "contraction." This policy increased the value of the greenback due to its reduction in circulation.
The Republican hard-money policy had negative political ramifications and it helped to elect a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874.
The Compromise of 1877
Contained within the compromise was the Electoral Count Act, which set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court. The commission ultimately gave the election to Hayes (Republican).
The Democrats were outraged at the outcome of the election, but agreed that Hayes could take office if he withdrew the federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina.
With the Hayes-Tilden deal, the Republican Party abandoned its commitment to racial equality.
Civil Rights act of 1875
was supposed to guarantee equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled most of the Act unconstitutional, stating that the 14th Amendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals.
How did southern states stop freedmen from voting
literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes to ensure that Southern blacks could not vote.
What did plessy vs Ferguson state(1896)
declaring that "separate but equal" facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment.
How did the panic of 1873 affect railroad workers
railroad workers went on strike after their wages were cut by President Hayes. The strike failed, exposing the weakness of the labor movement.
How were the Chinese ultimately treated
People on the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers. To appease them, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, stopping Chinese immigration into America.
What was an implication of Garfiled being killed
e assassination was that after Arthur took over as president, he would replace the Half-Breed Republican employees with Stalwarts.
The death of Garfield shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system. The reform was supported by President Arthur, shocking his critics
Half breed did not support spoil system but
Stalwarts did not
The Pendleton act of 1883
made mandatory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of merit. The civil-service reform forced politicians to gain support and funds from big-business leaders.
What did Cleveland do about the government
He replaced thousands of federal employees with Democrats.
Cleveland believed that while the people support the government, the government should not support the people.
What di’d Cleveland do about the treasury of surplus
lower the tariff in 1887. The Republicans opposed lowering the tariff because they thought it would hurt businesses.
Billion Dollar Congress
, named for its lavish spendings, gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government purchases on silver,
McKinley Tariff CT of 1890
This significantly raised tariffs and financially hurt farmers. Farmers were forced to buy expensive products from American manufacturers while selling their own products into the highly competitive world markets.
The McKinley Tariff Act caused the Republican Party to lose public support and lose their majority in Congress in the congressional elections of 1890.
People’s party, populists
formed from frustrated farmers in the agricultural belts of the West and South. They called for a graduated income tax; government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; a one-term limit on the presidency; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction.
What happened in 1892
a series of violent worker strikes swept through the nation, including the Homestead Strike.
Panic of 1893
It was caused by overbuilding, over-speculation, and the agricultural depression.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
it forced the government to purchase a certain amount of silver every month. Indebted farmers pushed for the Act because they wanted to cause inflation so they could pay off their debts with cheaper money. People started to exchange their silver for gold from the government. An increase in silver production lead to a significant drain on the Treasury's gold reserves, which decreased confidence in the country's finances. Because of this, Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Act Purchase in 1893.
Wilson Gorman Tariff of 1890
lowered tariffs and added a 2% tax on incomes over $4,000. The Supreme Court ruled income taxes unconstitutional in 1895.
Which two companies were working on the Transcontinental railroad
Union Pacific Central Pacific
What did the Transcontinental railroad do for US
allowing for increased trade with Asia and opening up the West for expansion.
How many transcontinental railroad built by 1893
5
What made it easier to build railroads
Steel(cheaper to produce than iron) and standard gauge of track width
What did the railroads do for US
stimulated the industrialization of the country in the post-Civil War years. It created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods. Railroad companies also stimulated immigration.
What did the railroads do for time
To keep schedules and avoid wrecks, the major rail lines proposed, on November 18, 1883, dividing America into 4 times zones - most towns accepted the new time method.
How were the railroads and railroad owners corrupt
people selling bonds for railroad companies inflated claims about the company's assets and profits, enabling them to sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value ("stock watering").
Many railroad titans felt they were above the law, and they abused the public by bribing judges and legislatures.
Railroad kings were manipulators of a huge natural monopoly and exercised too much direct control over the lives of people.
What were pools
"Pools" were agreements to divide the business in a given area and share the profits. Small farmers often paid the highest railroad transportation rates, while big customers paid low rates.
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company vs. Illinois(1886)
that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce.
Interstate Commerce Act(1887)
It prohibited rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a long trip over the same line. It also created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation. The new laws provided a forum where competing businesses could resolve their conflicts in peaceful ways (instead of engaging in price wars).
What was horizontal integration
" meant allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. This tactic of creating trusts was used by Rockefeller.
Morgan used the tactic of interlocking directorates when he put his people on the boards of directors of rival companies
What was vertical integration(Carnegie)
to combine all phases of manufacturing into one organization. He and his business controlled every aspect of production, from mining to marketing. His goal was to improve efficiency.
How did steel affect the US
By the late 1800s, the United States was producing 1/3 of the world's steel supply. The Bessemer process simplified the steel production process and reduced the price of steel.
Why did the wealthy say they were wealthy
Social Darwinism(survival of the fittest)
How was the soiths economy helped y industriasation
Southern agriculture received a boost in the 1880s when machine-made cigarettes replaced hand-made cigarettes. This increased tobacco consumption.
Pittsburg plus pricing plan
pricing system was economic discrimination against the South in the steel industry. Deposits of coal and iron ore were discovered in Birmingham, Alabama. This should have helped Southern steel manufacturers, but Northern steel companies put pressure on the railroads to increase their shipping rates. This removed Birmingham's economic advantage.
How did the south do with cotton
Cotton mills were eventually created in the South, but they paid workers extremely low wages.
How did economic developments help the US
increased the standard of living
Because of industrialisation how was agriculture affected
Decreased, replaced by manufacturing
How were women affected
Women found jobs as inventions arose; the typewriter and the telephone switchboard gave women new economic and social opportunities.
The US became a population of
wage earner
What did some business make employees sign
an destroyed in the long run.
Low wages conditions caused some factory workers to go on strike. Corporations sometimes forced their workers to sign "ironclad oaths" or "yellow-dog contracts," stating that the workers would not join a labor union.
Some companies owned the "company town," increasing the prices of basic living expenses so that the company could make more money (grocery stores, banks, etc).
Strikes became commonplace and the middle-class public started to get annoyed by them.
National Labor Union(1866)
lasted 6 years and attracted 600,000 members. The purpose of the union was to organize workers across different trades and challenge companies for better working conditions
Whatd did the black workers create
Colored National Labor Union. The Colored National Labor Union could not work with the National Labor Union because the latter supported the Republican Party and it was supported by racist white unionists.
The Knights of Labor
It sought to include all workers, while campaigning for economic and social reform, including and codes for safety and health.
Haymarket Square (1886)
Chicago police tried to break up a protest against alleged police brutalities. Someone threw a dynamite bomb, killing several people. 8 anarchists were convicted; 5 were sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892, the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were in prison.
How did haymarket affect the Knights
The Knights of Labor was blamed for the incident at Haymarket Square and as a result, it lost public support. Another problem with the Knights of Labor was that it included both skilled and unskilled workers. When unskilled workers went on strike, they were just replaced.
American Federation of Labor
inclusion of only skilled worked drained the Knights of Labor of its members.was founded in 1886 and was led by Samuel Gompers. The federation was an association of self-governing unions, each of which kept its own independence. It sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions. The federation's main weapons were the walkout and the boycott. It supported the idea of closed shop, in which an employer could only hire union employees and all of the employees had to be in a union.
Weakness of Labor unions
that it was accepted by a small minority of working people.
