AP psych total weaknesses

disassociative fugue

a temporary state where a person has memory loss (amnesia) and ends up in an unexpected place.

rosenhan study: being sane in insane places

A bunch of people went to different psychological hospitals and lied saying that they heard the word “thud” and all of them got admitted in for schizophrenia.

• critisizes the mental institutes

• brings attention to some lack in correct evaluation of individuals.

DSM-5

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

• list of disorders

• how to go about diagnosing the disorder

• 400 disorders in 2012

perspectives on abnormality: humanistic

• people are responsible for their own behavior even abnomal behavior.

• how people view themselves in relationship to others

perspectives on abnormality: sociocultural

• abnormal behavior is shaped by family, friends and culture

• ones rels w others can support and cause abnormalities. perspectives on abnormality:

perspectives on abnormality: psychoanalytic

• shaped by unresolved childhood conflicts

• must look at person’s early history to understand their disorder

perspectives on abnormality: behavioral

• must analyze how abnormal behavior has been learned

• what reinforces this behvIor?

perspectives on abnormality: cognitive

• thoughts and beliefs are the roots of this abnormal behavior

• change those thoughts and beleifs to fix this behavior

counter conditioning techniques

bad things perceived are related to good things to make u like them

depression

must last atleast two weeks having a major effect on your life

• decreased mood and brain activity → loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities.

• lack of SEROTONIN and norepinephrine/dopamine

personality disorder

Long-standing in flexible personality traits that impair social functioning

Cluster a = exhibit odd, or eccentric behavior

Cluster B = exhibit dramatic, or emotional traits

Cluster C = exhibit anxious, or fearful behavior

When someone just has a weird personality, and they don’t think it’s a problem themselves, but other people such as family members are distressed by their condition

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

• Persistent intrusive thoughts = obsession

• + urge to engage in senseless rituals to alleviate the obsession = compulsion

• Don’t trust their own judgement

electroconvulsive therapy

for severely depressed cases

disassociative persoanlity disorder

atleast 2+ personalities in one body

SSRIs are prescribed to

elevate arousal and mood

antipsychotic medication

to cure schizo

• blocks dopamine

rational-emotive therapy

telling people tp rationinze their emotions and being loike what are u doing are u dumb

managing irrational or unhealthy thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. I

meta-analysis

bunch of studies come up with comclusion by combining them

behavior modifications

biomedical therapies

• schizo treatment

lithium carbonate

used in treatment of bipolar disorder

anti-social personalty disorder

dishonest, trouble w authority,

panic disorder

similar to gad → exceot greatly magnified and unexpected and immediate.

usually lasts a months

agoraphobia

fear of fear itself

general anxiety disorder

prolonged, vague, unexplained, but intense fears that dont seem to be attached to an object.

GAD panic attacks and even OCD is linked with brain circuits like

The anterior Cingulate cortex

schizoid

Not caring ab social relationships

Don’t fluctuate in emotions

Schozotypal

Sense of discomfort with close relationships

Borderline

Fluctuation in mood

Problems in relationships

Histrionic

Attention seekers

Antisocial personality disorder

Lack of conforming to laws

• having a negative effect on society

• Deceit

• Assault

hypomania

bipolar 2 → lesser degree of mania

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

developmental disablity involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period

antisocial: oppositional defiant disorder

starts early, symptoms must last for > 6 months.

angry, resentful, blaming others.

conversion disorder

Unexplained symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function, suggesting a medical condition, but no medical condition exists

La Bella indifference: extreme anxiety in other areas of life but don’t care about this physical illness that has no explanation

illness anxiety disorder = hypochondriac

preoccupation with the idea that one has or might get a serious disease along with misinterpretation of bodily symptoms or functions

factitious disorders

1. Münchausen syndrome: someone making themselves physically impaired

2. ganser syndrome: faking a physicial or mental disorder

Psychosis

Thoughts and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with reality.

Schizophrenia

“split mind”

→ split from reality

Disorganized thinking

Fragmented thinking

Disordered false beliefs = delusions

Positive Symptoms

Delusions - exaggerated beliefs

Hallucinations - perception wo sensations

Disorganized speech - jumbled words

Disorganized behavior - senseless compulsive acts that are inappropriate

Negative symptoms

• Subtracting from normal functions

Flat affect = avoiding eye contact 😐

Poverty of speech = long lapses slow speech

Chronic schizo

Slow developing, recovery is doubtful

Acute schizo

Fast develop, recovery is better.

Catatonic

Immobility or excessive purposeless movement

Dorothea fix and Philippe pinel

Found humane movements for the mentally ill ppl

Psychotherapy

Confusing interaction btw therapist and mental patient

biomedical therapy

using drugs or medical procedures that act on the patient’s nervous system curing him of disorders

eclectic approach

using various forms of healing techniques dependiung on the issue

humanistic

CARL ROGERS

person centered therapy

therapist listens in an accepting non judgemental way. using active listening.

behavior therapy

aim: change maladaptive behavior and replace with appropiate behavior mostky used to treat phobia, anxiety etc

counter conditionng

conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

→ exposure therapy

→ aversive conditioning

→ systematic desensitization: associate happy thoughts while taking baby steps.

aaron beck and albert ellis

COGNITIVE THERAPY

• changed thiughts of depressed people changing their thinking

group therapy

costs less and help similar people

antipsychotic drugs

used to treat schizo

antimanic drugs

bipolar treatment

SSRI - antidepressants

prozac/zoloft

blocks reuptake of serotonin

SNRI - antidep

blocks norepinephrine

ECT electroconvulsive

used to treat severe depression

• passes electrical current through brain via 2 electrodes placed on scalp readjusts hormone levels

meta analysis

taking a bunch of diff studies and combining them

clinical psychologists

mostly phds, expert in research.

Albert Bandura

→ agression

• challenged that learning is simply rewards and punishments

• made social-cognitive learning

• added to skinner, Watson, and pavlov .

• reciprocal determinism = how we tend to reciprocate our personality to environment and sitautioin around us

alfred adler + horney

• expanded frued with karen Horney = how childhood feelings of inferiority can trigger determination for superirority

carl jung

persons inner unconcious mind contains things they want to suppress

anal expulsive

messy and harsh

anal retentive

neat and stubborn

big 5 - OCEAN

1. openness

2. concientiousness = responsible

3. extraversion

4. agreeableness

5. neuroticism = stabilty

projective tests

1. TAT

2. Rorsharch

objeectove tests

1. MMPI → multiphasic personlity inventory testing clinical issues

2. NEO-PI → measure of the big 5

classical conditioning PAVLOV

food - unconditioned stim

reflex - unconditioned response

bell - neutral stimuli

→ unconditioned stim taken away

AFTER CONDITIONING OCCURS

bell - conditioned stimulus

reflex/saliva - conditioned response

operant conditioning - THORNDIKE + SKINNER

positive/negative reinforcement

• fixed ratio

• variable ratio

• fixed interval

• variable interval*

positive/negative punishment

carol giligan

males and females think diff when it come to moral issues.

Wilhelm wundt - father

• experimental psych

• pioneer of cultural psych

• inteospection

benjamin whorf

sapin-whorf hypothesis

• linguistic determinism theory

propiriceptors

sensory receptor recieving stimuli from within body that has to do w movement

imprinting

inherited trait that some animals use as a means of survival

cannon bard theory

stimmy → physio + emotion together

james lange theory

stimmy → physiological → emotion

schacter singer theory - 2 factor

emotions have 2 factors: physiological + cognitive

sense → physio + perceive → emotion

= you see a weird ugly man in a dark alley → your heart starts beatingn rlly fast + man waves so he seems nice → you arent scared anymore

reaction formation

Replacing one's initial impulse toward a situation or idea with the opposite impulse.

frontal lobe possess

motor cortex

brocas area

speaking → left frontal lobe

aphasia → cant speak

wernickes area

comprehension + left temp lobe

aphasia → cant comprehend

prospective memory

rmemebering to do something later

over justification effect

extrinsic motivation decreases persons intrinsic motivatioin having them lose interest

general adaptation syndrome

alarm → resistance → exhaustion

piaget thepry of cognitive dev

1. sensori motor = object permanence but remain egocentric

2. preoperational = learn to speak, remain egocentric.

3. concrete operation = logic, understand conservation, end egocentrism

4. formal operation = rational and abstract thinking

diathesis stress

predisposition or vulnerability to developing a mental disorder.

hawthorne effect

when being evaluated changing the way u act to appear better

misinformation effect

witness thingy your memories become less accurate

factor analysis

reduces a set of variables by chunking them.

organ of corti

1. a structure in the cochlea of the inner ear which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.

motion parallax

objects that are closer seem like they are moving faster than objects that are far away

→ airplane in the vs airplane taking off.

Recency effect

recent things are remembered better than things perceived earlier.

ebbinghaus

memory

consolidation

long term mems being formed w short term ones

triarchic intelligence

practical

analytical

creative

muller lyer syndrome

sublimation

socially unacceptable behaviors are turned into acceptable ones.