G9 Biology: Biomolecules Week 2

polymers definition

large organic molecules made of monomers

how polymer is formed

dehydration synthesis / condensation

dehydration synthesis / condensation

chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers; at the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group; every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is lost

how polymer is broken down

hydrolysis

hydrolysis

chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through adding water

biomolecules (organic molecule)

all contain carbon; any molecules present in living organisms

large macromolecules (included as biomolecules)

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

biomolecules purpose

involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms

four types of biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

four types of polymer

carbohydrates (polysaccharides), lipids (e.g: fats), protein, nucleic acids

four types of monomer

monosaccharides (simple sugars), glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

carbohydrate

simplest biomolecules; carbon with water attached (CH2O)n; has 3 elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)

carbohydrates function

provide energy and regulation of blood glucose; prevents protein breakdown for energy; part of the structural material of plants; helps with fat metabolism. if the body has enough energy for its immediate needs, it stores extra energy as fat

monosaccharides

simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrates; has formula (CH2O)n; typically contain 3-7 carbon atoms

disaccharides

form when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction

polysaccharides

long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

carbohydrates sugars: monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

carbohydrates sugars: disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose

carbohydrates starches: polysaccharides

starches, fibers, glycogen

lipids

class of biological molecules with low solubility in water

lipos

fat

3 elements of lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

building blocks of lipids

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acid tails

lipids functions

chemical messengers; storage and provision of energy; maintenance of temperature; membrane lipid layer formation; cholesterol formation; fat-soluble vitamins

lipids: chemical messenger

fats help make hormones that carry instructions to different organs; hormones like estrogen and testosterone are made from lipids

lipids: storage and provision of energy

fats store energy that the body can use later when food is unavailable

lipids: maintenance of temperature

fats are an insulator, keeping the body warm

lipids: membrane lipid layer formation (phospholipid)

every cell in the body is wrapped in a fatty layer (cell membrane); this layer keeps things inside and protects the cell

lipids: cholesterol formation

cholesterol is a type of lipid that helps make vit. D and hormones; it strengthens cell membranes

lipids: fat-soluble vitamins

some vitamins (A, D, E, K) dissolve in fats; without fat, the body can’t absorb them properly; eg: eating carrot (vit. A) with butter helps the body absorb the vitamin better

HDL (high-density lipoproteins) cholesterol

good cholesterol; acts like a cleaner; carries away from the arteries to the liver

LDL (low-density lipoproteins) cholesterol

acts like a delivery truck; deposits cholesterol in the wall of arteries

classification of lipids

fats and oils; waxes; phospholipids; steroids; prostaglandins

fats and oils

most abundant of lipid compounds; triglycerides: made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

fats condition *room temp.

solid form

oils condition *room temp.

liquid form

waxes

lipids that are harder and less greasy than fats; high melting point as a solid at room temp.

phospholipids

form part of the cell membrane structure; important in transporting lipids in the body; made of 1 glycerol, phosphate group, 2 fatty acids

steroids

aka sterols; hydrophobic/insoluble in water

steroids examples

cholesterols, estrogen, testosterone

proteins

aka polypeptides

elements in proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur (sometimes)

proteins molecules

made up of smaller molecules called amino acids

protein functions

vital in body tissue maintenance, including development and repair; used as energy when carbs and fats are not available; involved in creating some hormones, help control body functions that involve the interaction of several organs and help regulate cell growth; produce enzymes that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the body