Gen Bio 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3

What are the 7 characteristics of all living organisms?

Cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, growth development and reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaption

Cellular organization

All cells come from existing ones, cells consist of 1 or more cells, cells have membranes which separates it from its surroundings

Ordered complexity

Organisms are highly organized; atoms make up molecules, molecules make up organelles, organelles make up cells, cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems

Sensitivity

All organisms respond to stimuli

Growth, development, and reproduction

All organisms grow and reproduce, all have DNA that’s passed to offspring

Energy utilization

All organisms take in energy

Homeostasis

All organisms maintain a relatively constant internal temp that are diff from outside world

Evolutionary adaption

All organisms have DNA which changes overtime, experience natural selection, interact w/ other organisms and nonliving organisms in ways to influence their survival (evolve)

5 Hierarchical organization

Cellular level, organismal level, population level, ecosystem level, biosphere level

What’s in the cellular level?

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles (DNA)

What’s in the organismal level?

Tissues, organs, organ systems

What’s in the population level?

Population, species, community, (flock of birds)

What’s in the biosphere level?

All organisms make up the biosphere (Earth)

Emergent Properties

A characteristic or function that occurs from the interactions and relationships between components within a complex system.

Reductionism

understanding a complex system by breaking it down into its working parts

Natural selection

Organisms w/ desirable traits survive and reproduce more than those without the traits, which allows them to pass down their traits to the next generation

Homologous structures

Body parts in diff species that have a similar anatomical design - common ancestor

Analogous structures

Physical features in diff species that have a similar function - no common ancestor

molecular evolution

Change in sequences of DNA, RNA, or proteins across generations

Louis Pasteur

Used hypothesis science to determine that the source of contamination in nutrient broth was the microbes in the air

Charles Darwin

Used descriptive science to observe the similarities and differences in appearance, eating habits, and habitat among organisms. Natural selection, evolution.

Matter

Any substance that takes up space and has mass

Atoms

Made up of subatomic particles (protons, electrons, neutrons, nucleus)

Atomic #

determined by the # of protons

Atomic mass

sum of protons + neutrons

Where are electrons located?

In orbitals surrounding the nucleus

Ions

The # of protons and electrons are unequal

Anion

An atom that has fewer protons and carries a neg charge

Cation

An atom that has fewer electrons and carries a pos charge

Shells

Energy levels surrounding the nucleus, the amount of energy an electron has depends on the distance away from the nucleus

Have many electrons can an orbital have?

No orbital can have more than 2 electrons

Valence electrons

determine how reactive an atom is or likely to form a bond

why do unpaired electrons want to react with/ other atoms?

they want to become more stable

What happens why there’s a full valence shell -1e?

They tend to gain an e needed to fill the energy level

What happens why there’s a full valence shell +1e?

They tend to lose an e

Oxidation

losing of electrons during a chemical reaction

Reduction

Gaining electrons during a chemical reaction

Compound

Molecule contains more than 1 element

Ionic bonds

Attraction of opposite charges, strong

Covalent bonds

Form when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons, very strong

Hydrogen bonds

Sharing of hydrogen atom

Hydrophobic interactions

Forcing of hydrophobic portions of molecules together in the presence of polar substances, weak

why are covalent bonds so strong?

Has no net charge, octet rule in satisfied, no unpaired e

Electronegativity

Atom’s ability to attract and hold onto shared e, increases right to left across a row, and decreases down a column

What part of the periodic table has the most electronegativity?

Top right corner

Non-polar bonds

A bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons equally

Polar bonds

A bond where 2 atoms share e unequally

Chemical reactions

The formation and breaking of chemical bonds

What are chemical reactions impacted by?

Temp, concentration of reactants and products, and catalysts

What type of bond is water?

Polar covalent bond

Tetrahedron

The most stable arrangement of atoms

Cohesion

The attractive force of similar molecules to stick together

Adhesion

The binding/sticking together of water molecules

Capillary action

The movement of a liquid through narrow spaces or tubes against gravity, driven by adhesion and cohesion

What are the 5 emergent properties of water?

High specific heat, high heat vaporization, solid water is less dense than liquid water, good solvent, organizes non polar molecules

High specific heat

The amount of heat 1g must absorb or lose to change the temp by 1 degree celsius

High heat vaporation

The amount of energy needed to change 1g of a substance to form a liquid to gas

Buoyancy

Enables icebergs to float, freezes top down

Hydrophobic exclusion

The forced clustering of non polar molecules bc polar water molecules exclude them

Hydrophobic

Water fearing, non polar molecules repel water and don’t form hydrogen bonds

Hydrophilic

Water loving, polar molecules form hydrogen bonds

Hydrocarbons

Molecules with only H and C

Functional groups

Specific molecular groups w/ definite chemical properties in biological molecules, attach to C-H core

What are the 4 macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

Monomers

A small simple molecule

Polymers

A large molecule made by linking together many monomers

Dehydration reactions

A process where 2 smaller molecules join together to form a polymer

Hydrolysis reactions

A process that uses water to break the covalent bonds holding polymers together into smaller monomers

carbohydrates

A group of molecules that contain C, H, O

Monoscharrides

Simplest carbohydrate, immediate ready to use energy

Discharrides

Two linked monoscharrides, short term energy source

Polyscharrides

A large carbohydrate macromolecule w/ many linked monoscharrides

Structural isomers

Same formula, different structure

What are two structural isomers?

Fructose and Glucose

How are polyscharrides created?

Dehydration reactions

What is an example of alpha glucose?

Starch

Starch

Energy storage polyscharride made up of alpha glucose

Cellulose

Structural polyscharride made of beta glucose molecules

What is an example of beta glucose?

Cellulose

What are examples of starches?

amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose

Amylose

simplest starch, insoluble, unbranched chains

In amylose where are the molecules linked?

between carbon 1 and carbon 4 of two glucose molecules

Amylopectin

variant of amylose with branches

glycogen

contains branches of amylose, found in animals

What does structure determine?

function

Nucleic acids

carry and transmit info inside cells

What sugar is in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is in RNA?

Ribose

What components make up a nucleotide?

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenoius base

polynucleotides

formed by joining the phosphate group of one nucleotide to hydroxyl group on the sugar of another

phosphodiester bond

Bond between phosphate and sugar

what are the ends of a nucleic acid called?

5 prime and 3 prime

What is 5 prime?

A phosphate group attached to a carbon

What is 3 prime?

An OH group attached to a carbon

Proteins

A large, complex molecule made up of one or more long chains of amino acids linked together

What determines the proteins structure and function?

The specific order of amino acids

How are the chemical properties of each amino acid determined?

side chain/R group

Peptide bond

Bond between one amino group and a carboxyl group

What does a proteins structure determine?

function

Primary structure

The proteins amino acid sequence