STATISTICS AND PROB MIDTERMS (2ND SEM, GR11)

Statistics

That science of collecting data, organizing data, and analyzing data, and interpreting data

Descriptive statistics

This type of statistics refers to collecting, organizing, and analyzing data

Interential statistics

this kind of statistics makes inferences, predictions, conclusions, and generalizations and estimations about a populationbased on a sample of data collected from that population.

Population

the entire place of entities

Sample

portion of population being analyzed

quantitative variables

this kind of variable is numerican and is either discrete or continuous

qualitative variable

this type of variable is categorical concerns things like blood type and ethnic group

discrete

a whole number

continuous

deals with decimals

Nominal scale

Crudest form of data, uses numbers, sumbols, letter for the purpose of categorization

Ordinal scale

possesses all the qualities of ordinal data, but this time is ranked

interval scale

this scale has a stable starting point with no absolute zero

ratio scale

this type of scale has an absolute zero

Observation

The kind of data collection that uses sense to gather information about a phenomenon or behavior through direct or indirect measurement.

experimental

experimenting form of data colleciton

registration method

obtained through statistics, government usually uses this

survey-interview

collects data through direct interaction with participants

survey-questionnaire

collects data through indirect interaction with participants

probability sampling

type of sampling wherein every element has a non-zero chance in choosing participants

stratified random sampling

this type of sampling involves taking samples from a strata or a subgroup

systematic sampling

getting a sample every kth unit of the population

simple random sampling

type of sampling wherein all people from a population have equal chances of being picked

Cluster sampling

the type of sampling that is stratified random sampling wherein the strata corresponds to clusters

Experiments

This term in probability must be repeatable to prove its validity. It’s a procedure done with conrtol and experimental values

Outcome

This is the result of the experiment

Sample size

This is a set of all possible oucomes

event

Refers to one or more outcomes of an experiment

Probability formula

P = Favorable outcome/Total outcomes

Compound probability

This type of proabability calculates the union or addition of an event (or/and) and the intersection of multiplication (and = multiply)

Mutually Exclusive

This is the term that refers to event A or B that do not occur simultaneously. Either one event will occur, and the sum of their probabilties will be the answer

P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)

Not mutually exclusive

This happens when some events are similar.

P(AUB) = P(A)+P(B)-P(AintersectionB)

Independent events

This is when event A does not affect event B

P(AUB) = P(A) x P(B) or P(A and B) = P(A)xP(B)

Random variables

has to be specific and well-defined as well as providing values

This is denoted by capital letters (usually)

It cannot be predicted with certainty

The values of the quantity is not fixed

Discrete random variables

These refer to random variables that are whole numbers

Discrete random variables

These refer to random variables that are whole numbers

Probability distribution function (PDF)

This is a function that shows relative probability for each outcome

Normal curve

Also known as bell curve

that represents the distribution of data where most values cluster around a central peak and probabilities taper off symmetrically at the tails.

Unimodal

Property of the normal distrobutioncharacterized by a single peak.

symetric at about the mean

This means the distribution has mirror-image properties on either side of the mean.

asymtotic at the x-axis

This property means that the tails of the normal distribution approach the x-axis but never actually touch it, indicating that extreme values are possible but rare.

Total area is always equal to one

The property of the bell curve that the area is always more or under 1