Urinary, Female Reproductive, and Male Reproductive Systems

The elimination of metabolic wastes is

Excretion

What are the 4 systems involved in Excretion?

-Urinary System

-Respiratory System

-Digestive System

-Integumentary System

what does the integumentary system secrete?

sweat

what are the 5 main functions of the urinary system?

-excretion of metabolic wastes

-regulation of fluid and electrolytes

-blood pH regulation

-hormone production

-blood pressure regulation

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

what converts Angiotensin to Angiotensin I?

renin

Angiotensin II __________________________ BP

increases

blood is filtered by ____________ in the renal cortex

nephrons

how many renal pyramids does the renal medulla have?

8-18

the apex of the renal pyramid is called the

renal papilla

_______________ ________________ are cortical tissue between pyramids for passage of blood to and from cortex

renal columns

_______________ _____________ receive urine from renal papilla

minor calyces

____________ ___________ collect urine from two or more minor calyces

major calyx

the renal ________ collects urine from all calyces

pelvis

___________________ carry urine to the bladder

ureters

________________ are microscopic filtering units of kidneys composed of renal tubules and a blood supply

nephrons

what are the functional units which make most of the urine?

nephrons

there are about _______ million nephrons per kidney

1.25

nephrons are located mostly in the

renal cortex

nephrons have a thick and thin ___________________ limb of nephron loop and a thick and thin ___________________ limb of nephron loop

descending; ascending

what is located between the renal corpuscle and the descending loop of the nephron?

the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

after leaving the glomerular capsule (in renal corpuscle), the filtered material enters the

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

what is located between the ascending limb of nephron loop and the collecting duct?

the Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

capillaries are located in the __________________ of the renal corpuscle

Glomerulus

Peritubular means

around the tubules

true or false: there are different kinds of nephrons

true

a nephron which stays in the cortex is called a

Cortical Nephron

a nephron which goes down into the pyramid is called a

Juxtamedullary Nephron

the Vasa Recta in the renal pyramid are the

netlike vessels

the result/product of filtration is called

Filtrate

______________ __________________ allows us to keep vital substances

Tubular Reabsorption

______________ _________________ allows stuff to be added to the filtrate

Tubular Secretion

______ process are required for urine formation

3

what is the first process required for urine formation?

Filtration from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule

what is the second process required for urine formation?

Tubular reabsorption from renal tubules to blood of peritubular capillaries

what is the third process required for urine formation?

Tubular secretion from blood of peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules

Bowman's Capsule is another name for the

Glomerular Capsule

water and many different solutes pass through a filtration membrane from the _______________________ to the _______________ ________________

glomerulus to the Bowman's (Glomerular) capsule

wastes such as ___________ and ___________ ____________ must be eliminated in the urine

urea and uric acid

examples of useful (vital) substances that must be kept:

water

organic nutrients

electrolytes

what forces water and solutes through the filtration membrane into the capsular space of the glomerular capsule?

high glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

after entering the capsular space, high glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure forces water and solutes into the

PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)

the Filtration Membrane is fenestrated, meaning it

has pores

the amount of blood flow through the kidneys in one minute is

renal blood flow (RBF)

what is the average renal blood flow?

1,200 mL per minute

the amount of filtrate formed in one minute is

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

what is the average glomerular filtration rate?

between 105 and 125 mL per minute

around __________% of RBF becomes filtrate

10

most reabsorption occurs in the

proximal convoluted tubules

water is reabsorbed by

osmosis

solutes are reabsorbed by

diffusion

active transport

cotransport

countertransport

pinocytosis

how much of a substance the renal tubules can reabsorb in a minute is

transport maximum (Tm)

what happens when transport maximum is exceeded?

substances show up in the urine

the maximum blood concentration at which a substance begins to appear in the urine when transport maximum is exceeded is

renal threshold (RT)

what is the renal threshold for glucose?

180 milligrams per 100 mL (or per deciliter)

if glucose exceeds its renal threshold, it will

appear in the urine

what might cause the renal threshold of glucose to be exceeded?

Diabetes (excess glucose in the blood)

in tubular secretion, solutes move from the ____________ of the nephron capillaries into the _______________

blood; filtrate

solutes moving into the peritubular capillaries is

reabsorption

a chloride shift occurs in tubular secretion and reabsorption in the

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

each day, we lose about as much water as

we gain

if loss of water exceeds gain, we become

dehydrated

if water gain exceeds loss, we become

overhydrated

each day, we create 105-180 L of filtrate but only 1-2 L of urine, which means

a vast amount of filtrate water is reabsorbed

what are the 2 types of water reabsorption?

obligatory and facultative

which type of water reabsorption occurs in the PCT and descending nephron loop, and is more constant?

Obligatory

which type of water reabsorption occurs in the DCT and collecting duct, and is variable depending on degree of hydration?

Facultative

Facultative reabsorption is controlled by hormones, mainly ________

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

how much water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules?

65%

how much water is reabsorbed in the descending nephron loop?

15%

how much water is reabsorbed in the thick ascending nephron loop?

NONE

how much water is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubules?

10-15%

the remainder of water that is not reabsorbed stays in

collecting ducts

the thick ascending NL only reabsorbs

salt