1.6 - PES and 1.7 - Periodic Trends

what process does photoelectron spectroscopy use?

photoionization

how does photoionization process work?

electrons bombarded with radiation of known energy, final KE energy measured

higher binding energy means..

stronger attraction between electrons and nucleus

you should always read the _____ axis of the PES graph carefully to see order of ______

x-axis, ionization energy

what does the pauli exclusion rule state?

electrons cannot share same set of quantum numbers, only two electrons of different spin in one suborbital

what does hund’s rules state?

electrons fill suborbitals separately with same spin before pairing up

what does aufbau’s principle state?

electrons fill lowest energy levels

always explain trends in terms of

coulomb’s law and effective nuclear charge

does 1/r² or q1q2 override the other

1/r²

formula for effective nuclear charge?

atomic number - (all electrons in lower energy levels)

inner shells of electrons ___ protons from valence electrons

shield

going right of periodic table means…

more protons in nucleus and greater coulombic attraction

what are 2 exceptions to ionization energy trend

Be and B, N and O

what is difference between atomic radius and ionic radius?

ionic radius is for cations and anions

what is electron affinity? (formal definition)

amount of energy released by atom when electron gained

what is electron affinity? (less formal definition)

atom likelihood of gain electron

what is electronegativity?

atom ability to attract shared electrons

difference between electron affinity and electronegativity?

electronegativity deals with bonds and sharing electrons

what two elements have exceptions regarding the filling of f and s orbitals? why?

chromium and copper, results in more stable half and fully filled f orbitals

do d block elements lose their d orbital or s orbital electrons first when forming ionic compounds?

d orbital electrons

“huge spikes“ in differences between ionization energy usually means the next is ___+ x times the last one

4