BY 101 final exam study guide

comprehensive exam of all past exams

all living things are composed of cells. All living things reproduce. All living things respond to stimuli found in their environment

true

Examples of natural sciences:

Biology, physics, chemistry

Who were the first organisms to appear on Earth?

Bacteria

True or False? Theories explain how something happens while laws explain what will happen

true

What theory best explains how eukaryotic cells got their mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Endosymbiotic theory

An atom’s atomic number is equal to what subatomic particle?

protons

What are the 6 main elements of life?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous

How are organisms assigned to each taxonomic ranking?

Physical traits and DNA

Which are the healthy fats?

Unsaturated fats

Which type of amino acid is NOT produced in the human body and thus must be obtained through diet?

Essential

What major event helped shape the incredibly diverse lifeforms we see today?

Mass extinctions

What is the defining characteristic for differentiating species?

The ability to reproduce and create fertile offspring

What is the broadest ( most general) taxonomic ranking?

Domain

(blank) structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features may serve different functions now.

Homologous

A (blank) is all the individuals of the same species in the same area

population

Imagine a liquid that has a pH of 2, what would this be?

acid

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

True or False? Monomers are molecules that are made up of several repeating polymers.

false

All living organisms on earth are (blank) based

carbon

(blank) is the study of life

biology

The 8 taxonomic rankings in order

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

An educated guess based on an observation

hypothesis

The smallest unit of life, membrane-bound separate from surroundings

cell

The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms?

taxonomy

Collection of protons and neutrons in the center of an atom

nucleus

Created the periodic table of elements still used today

Dimitry Mendeleev

The smallest unit of a substance

atom

System of acquiring knowledge

Science

When a protein unfolds due to unfavorable conditions, ex. Cooking an egg

denaturation

Created a system for naming species

Carl von Linne

The process of keeping internal conditions stable and often different from the environment

Homeostasis

How do you know how many neutrons are in a substance?

Mass number (top of periodic table block) - atomic number (bottom of periodic table block)

What are the three main parts of the cell

Membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

What is the main function of the endomembrane system?

Modifying and transporting proteins and lipids

Metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

Catabolism

True or false? Enzymes are changed during reactions and so are not reusable

false

What structures do photosynthetic eukaryotes use during photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma

What is energy associated with movement?

kinetic

Light-dependent reactions take place in which structure?

Thylakoid membrane

Which type of light dependent reaction uses both Photosystem I and Photosystem II

noncyclic

True or false? Oxygen is dangerous and killed off most life when it first came about

true

Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?

cytoplasm

Glycolysis involves converting glucose into what molecule?

pyruvate

True or false? Fermentation is more efficient than aerobic cell respiration producing more ATP

false

What are the principles of cell theory?

all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, hereditary info is passed from cell, all cells have basic chemical composition, energy flow occurs within cells

Function of the cell membrane

Controls exchange of external and internal cells

Cell junctions called (blank) connect the cytoplasm of plant cells

plasmodesmata

Which type of cell is defined by having a nucleus

eukaryotic

What structure synthesizes proteins?

ribosomes

The movement of vesicles and their contents out of the cell

exocytosis

Location on enzymes where catalysis occurs

Active site

The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule

phosphorylation

Which type of cell respiration does not use oxygen?

anaerobic

Which type of fermentation has ethanol as its product?

alcoholic

True or false? Oxidative stress can damage cells and can even be passed down to offspring

true

Which type of plants fix carbon twice and are associated with desert plants?

CAM

Bacterial conjugation occurs through what structure?

pili

True or false? Linear metabolic pathways are a cycle of reactions where the final product triggers the first reaction again?

false

In electron transfer phosphorylation in aerobic cell respiration, what molecule accepts the electrons from the transfer chain?

oxygen

The differences in (blank) gives us different colors

wavelengths

What molecules are produced during noncyclic light dependent reactions?

ATP, NADPH, oxygen

Light-independent reactions take place in what structure?

stroma

What are substances that minimize damages caused by oxygen gas (O₂)

antioxidants

What is the name for light with a wavelength of 380-750 nm?

Visible light spectrum

True or false? Photons with high energy will have longer wavelengths

false

What reactions consume energy as they run?

endergonic

What molecules are produced by light-independent reactions?

sugar

What are the fist two laws of thermodynamics?

Energy can neither be created or destroyed, energy tends to disperse

What term means “ without oxygen “?

anaerobic

The movement of substances across gradients such as from high concentration to low concentration

diffusion

What enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle by attaching CO₂ to RuBP?

rubisco

The process of oxygen binding to RuBP instead of CO₂ that can stop light independent reactions from happening

photorespiration

Which term means “with oxygen”

aerobic

What type of transport protein use requires energy to move substances across the membrane?

active

What proteins embedded in the cell membrane receives signals and then tells the cell how to respond?

Receptor proteins

True or false? Most molecules of PGAL are recycled back to make more RuBP during light independent reactions

true

Who discovered that sunlight powered photosynthesis?

Theodor engelman

Which type of light dependent reaction makes only ATP?

cyclic

What are some of the ways cells move?

Pseudopods, cilia, motor proteins

What is the pigment that gives plants their green color?

chlorophyll

What substance travels through ATP synthase to activate and attach a phosphate group to make ATP?

Hydrogen ions

Organisms that make their own food

autotroph

The father of microbiology

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Cellular currency

ATP

Breaking down food into energy

metabolism

The ability to do work/change

energy

The minimum energy needed to start a reaction

Activation energy

Speeding up a reaction by enzymes

catalysis

Movement of fluid across the cell membrane

osmosis

A particle of light

photon

Taking carbon from inorganic molecules to build organic molecules

Carbon fixation

Metabolism that breaks down glucose to produce ATP

Cell respiration

Organisms with diploid cells will have (blank) set(s) of chromosomes in each cell.

two

What are the nucleotides found in DNA?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

True or false? All mutations are harmful

false

If a new molecule of DNA has a mistake within its nucleotides this will result in what?

mutations

What are common causes for mutations during DNA replication?

Chemical exposure, retroviruses, UV exposure

Stage of gene expression where DNA is copied in RNA?

transcription

What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins?

tRNA

Stage of gene expression where RNA is used to assemble proteins?

translation