Studied by 3 people
all living things are composed of cells. All living things reproduce. All living things respond to stimuli found in their environment
true
Examples of natural sciences:
Biology, physics, chemistry
Who were the first organisms to appear on Earth?
Bacteria
True or False? Theories explain how something happens while laws explain what will happen
true
What theory best explains how eukaryotic cells got their mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Endosymbiotic theory
An atom’s atomic number is equal to what subatomic particle?
protons
What are the 6 main elements of life?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous
How are organisms assigned to each taxonomic ranking?
Physical traits and DNA
Which are the healthy fats?
Unsaturated fats
Which type of amino acid is NOT produced in the human body and thus must be obtained through diet?
Essential
What major event helped shape the incredibly diverse lifeforms we see today?
Mass extinctions
What is the defining characteristic for differentiating species?
The ability to reproduce and create fertile offspring
What is the broadest ( most general) taxonomic ranking?
Domain
(blank) structures are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features may serve different functions now.
Homologous
A (blank) is all the individuals of the same species in the same area
population
Imagine a liquid that has a pH of 2, what would this be?
acid
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
True or False? Monomers are molecules that are made up of several repeating polymers.
false
All living organisms on earth are (blank) based
carbon
(blank) is the study of life
biology
The 8 taxonomic rankings in order
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
An educated guess based on an observation
hypothesis
The smallest unit of life, membrane-bound separate from surroundings
cell
The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms?
taxonomy
Collection of protons and neutrons in the center of an atom
nucleus
Created the periodic table of elements still used today
Dimitry Mendeleev
The smallest unit of a substance
atom
System of acquiring knowledge
Science
When a protein unfolds due to unfavorable conditions, ex. Cooking an egg
denaturation
Created a system for naming species
Carl von Linne
The process of keeping internal conditions stable and often different from the environment
Homeostasis
How do you know how many neutrons are in a substance?
Mass number (top of periodic table block) - atomic number (bottom of periodic table block)
What are the three main parts of the cell
Membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
What is the main function of the endomembrane system?
Modifying and transporting proteins and lipids
Metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules
Catabolism
True or false? Enzymes are changed during reactions and so are not reusable
false
What structures do photosynthetic eukaryotes use during photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma
What is energy associated with movement?
kinetic
Light-dependent reactions take place in which structure?
Thylakoid membrane
Which type of light dependent reaction uses both Photosystem I and Photosystem II
noncyclic
True or false? Oxygen is dangerous and killed off most life when it first came about
true
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
cytoplasm
Glycolysis involves converting glucose into what molecule?
pyruvate
True or false? Fermentation is more efficient than aerobic cell respiration producing more ATP
false
What are the principles of cell theory?
all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, hereditary info is passed from cell, all cells have basic chemical composition, energy flow occurs within cells
Function of the cell membrane
Controls exchange of external and internal cells
Cell junctions called (blank) connect the cytoplasm of plant cells
plasmodesmata
Which type of cell is defined by having a nucleus
eukaryotic
What structure synthesizes proteins?
ribosomes
The movement of vesicles and their contents out of the cell
exocytosis
Location on enzymes where catalysis occurs
Active site
The process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule
phosphorylation
Which type of cell respiration does not use oxygen?
anaerobic
Which type of fermentation has ethanol as its product?
alcoholic
True or false? Oxidative stress can damage cells and can even be passed down to offspring
true
Which type of plants fix carbon twice and are associated with desert plants?
CAM
Bacterial conjugation occurs through what structure?
pili
True or false? Linear metabolic pathways are a cycle of reactions where the final product triggers the first reaction again?
false
In electron transfer phosphorylation in aerobic cell respiration, what molecule accepts the electrons from the transfer chain?
oxygen
The differences in (blank) gives us different colors
wavelengths
What molecules are produced during noncyclic light dependent reactions?
ATP, NADPH, oxygen
Light-independent reactions take place in what structure?
stroma
What are substances that minimize damages caused by oxygen gas (O₂)
antioxidants
What is the name for light with a wavelength of 380-750 nm?
Visible light spectrum
True or false? Photons with high energy will have longer wavelengths
false
What reactions consume energy as they run?
endergonic
What molecules are produced by light-independent reactions?
sugar
What are the fist two laws of thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created or destroyed, energy tends to disperse
What term means “ without oxygen “?
anaerobic
The movement of substances across gradients such as from high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
What enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle by attaching CO₂ to RuBP?
rubisco
The process of oxygen binding to RuBP instead of CO₂ that can stop light independent reactions from happening
photorespiration
Which term means “with oxygen”
aerobic
What type of transport protein use requires energy to move substances across the membrane?
active
What proteins embedded in the cell membrane receives signals and then tells the cell how to respond?
Receptor proteins
True or false? Most molecules of PGAL are recycled back to make more RuBP during light independent reactions
true
Who discovered that sunlight powered photosynthesis?
Theodor engelman
Which type of light dependent reaction makes only ATP?
cyclic
What are some of the ways cells move?
Pseudopods, cilia, motor proteins
What is the pigment that gives plants their green color?
chlorophyll
What substance travels through ATP synthase to activate and attach a phosphate group to make ATP?
Hydrogen ions
Organisms that make their own food
autotroph
The father of microbiology
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Cellular currency
ATP
Breaking down food into energy
metabolism
The ability to do work/change
energy
The minimum energy needed to start a reaction
Activation energy
Speeding up a reaction by enzymes
catalysis
Movement of fluid across the cell membrane
osmosis
A particle of light
photon
Taking carbon from inorganic molecules to build organic molecules
Carbon fixation
Metabolism that breaks down glucose to produce ATP
Cell respiration
Organisms with diploid cells will have (blank) set(s) of chromosomes in each cell.
two
What are the nucleotides found in DNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
True or false? All mutations are harmful
false
If a new molecule of DNA has a mistake within its nucleotides this will result in what?
mutations
What are common causes for mutations during DNA replication?
Chemical exposure, retroviruses, UV exposure
Stage of gene expression where DNA is copied in RNA?
transcription
What type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins?
tRNA
Stage of gene expression where RNA is used to assemble proteins?
translation
Note
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