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What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂.

What are the main structures of a chloroplast?

Thylakoids, grana, and stroma.

What is the purpose of the Light-Dependent Reactions?

To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

Where do the Light-Dependent Reactions occur?

In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

What are the inputs for the Light-Dependent Reactions?

Light energy, H₂O, ADP, and NADP⁺.

What are the outputs of the Light-Dependent Reactions?

ATP, NADPH, and O₂.

What is the role of photosystems I and II?

To capture light energy and initiate the electron transport chain.

What is the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

To transfer electrons and create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle?

To synthesize glucose from CO₂ using ATP and NADPH.

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

In the stroma of chloroplasts.

What are the inputs for the Calvin Cycle?

CO₂, ATP, and NADPH.

What are the outputs of the Calvin Cycle?

G3P, ADP, and NADP⁺.

What are the key phases of the Calvin Cycle?

Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

What is the role of RuBisCO?

To catalyze the first step of carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP.

What are the main structures of mitochondria?

Matrix, inner membrane, cristae, and intermembrane space.

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

To break down glucose into pyruvate and produce ATP and NADH.

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytosol of the cell.

What are the inputs for glycolysis?

Glucose and 2 ATP.

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP net, and 2 NADH.

What is the purpose of pyruvate oxidation?

To convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA for the Krebs Cycle.

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

What are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, CO₂, and NADH.

What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle?

To produce electron carriers and ATP from acetyl-CoA.

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix.

What are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle?

CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and ATP.

What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?

To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What are the inputs for the Electron Transport Chain?

NADH, FADH₂, and O₂.

What are the outputs of the Electron Transport Chain?

ATP and H₂O.

What is the role of the proton gradient and ATP synthase?

To drive ATP synthesis as protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix.

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration interconnected?

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration to generate ATP.

How do ATP and NADPH differ?

ATP is an energy carrier, while NADPH is a reducing agent used in biosynthetic reactions.

How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen.

Why is oxygen required for the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, allowing the chain to function and produce ATP.