Biol 225 (A&P) - Intro. to Human A&P - Dr. Steele

Anatomy

The study of structure or form of body parts

Physiology

The study of functions of body parts

The structures of the body parts make possible their functions

Why are anatomy and physiology interdependent?

Atoms

Compose all materials and can affect whole structures - e.g. hydrogen

Molecules

These are atoms joined together - e.g. water

Macromolecules

These are formed by the combination of small molecules - e.g. DNA

Organelles

Structures within cells of complex organisms that carry on specific activities, composed of large molecules - e.g. mitochondria

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in humans and other organisms - e.g. squamous

Tissues

Specialized cells assembled into layers or masses that have specific functions - e.g. muscle

Organs

Groups of different tissues that are a complex structure with specialized functions - e.g. heart

Organ systems

Groups of organs that function closely together - e.g. digestive system

Organisms

These are composed of interacting organ systems - e.g. humans

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms

List the levels of organization (9)

1. Consist of cells

2. Have an internal environment

3. Maintain homeostasis

4. Cells are interdependent

5. Anatomy and physiology are interdependent

What are the five key concepts that are common to all organ systems?

Cells work together to maintain the organism and can affect the whole organism due to small changes in cell components

They also need a large surface area to function well

Explain the key concept of how organ systems consist of cells

Organ systems have an internal environment that needs to stay constant as changes occur.

Internal environment is the environment within the body in which cells live, composed of intracellular and extracellular fluid

Explain the key concept of how organ systems contain an internal environment

Organ systems must maintain homeostasis, which is equilibrium by all cells working together to maintain vitality. Also defined as maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment during exposure to a changing external environment

Explain the key concept of homeostasis for organ systems

Different cells contribute to homeostasis in different ways, meaning that cells depend on one another. If some cells do not function, other cells and the organism may suffer

Explain the key concept of how cells of organ systems are interdependent on one another

Anatomy and physiology are interdependent because structure and function are interrelated

Explain the key concept of how anatomy and physiology of organ systems are interdependent

Homeostasis (as it relates to humans)

The dynamic state in which the body's internal environment is maintained

The internal environment is what is found inside of our body and constitutes of extracellular and intracellular fluid

What constitutes the internal environment?

They work together by utilizing receptors (take in information by detecting stimuli), which trigger a control center (analyzes the information from receptors and determines what to do). The control center then sends a message to effectors (cause a change in the current setting to get a more likable setting.). Effectors carry out actions of responses by continuing the change to correct whatever the stimulus caused

Describe how components of a homeostatic mechanism work together

Receptor

Component of a homeostatic mechanism that takes in information by detecting stimuli (changes in the environment) and trigger a control center

Control center

Component of a homeostatic mechanism that analyzes information from the receptors and determines what to do with said information - send message to effectors

Effectors

Component of a homeostatic mechanism that cause a change in the current setting to get a more likable setting - carry out actions of responses by continuing the change to correct whatever the stimulus caused

Negative feedback reverses a trend - occurs when a receptor registers a stimulus that triggers the control center to make the effector correct the stimulus

Describe negative feedback

Negative feedback reverses a trend, occurs frequently, and is part of the routine maintenance of homeostasis (constantly occurring) - e.g. adjusting body temperature

What is negative feedback's role in the maintenance of homeostasis?

Negative feedback

Type of feedback mechanism that reverses a trend

Postive feedback

Type of feedback mechanism that continues a trend

Negative feedback reverses a trend and is very common while positive feedback continues a trend and occurs infrequently

Positive feedback has very specific, short-lived functions while negative feedback is constantly occurring

Compare and contrast negative feedback mechanisms with positive feedback mechanisms

Dorsal cavity

The space surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Dorsal cavity

The brain and spine are both located in this cavity

Ventral cavity

Cavity that is the anterior aspect of the human body that is composed of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Ventral cavity

The heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines are all located in this cavity

Cranial cavity

Cavity that is located in the head

Cranial cavity

This cavity houses the brain

Vertebral canal

This is the spinal cavity that is located along the spine

Vertebral canal

This canal contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by the vertebrae

Thoracic cavity

This cavity is located in the chest of humans

Thoracic cavity

This cavity contains the heart and lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

This cavity is located below the diaphragm and includes the pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

The pancreas, large intestine, liver, and stomach are located in this cavity

Parietal membranes

These membranes line body cavities

Visceral membranes

These membranes cover organs within body cavities

Pleural membranes

Type of membranes that the thoracic cavity contains

Peritoneal membranes

Type of membrane that the abdominopelvic cavity contains

Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at side, and palms forward - reference point is the top of the head

Define anatomical position

Superior

Relative body position term that means top / above

Inferior

Relative body position term that means bottom / below

Anterior (ventral)

Relative body position term that means front

Posterior (dorsal)

Relative body position term that means back

Medial

Relative body position term that refers to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Lateral

Relative body position term that means toward the side, away from the midline

Bilateral

Relative body position term that refers to paired structures that are on either side of the midline

Ipsilateral

Relative body position term that refers to structures on the same side

Contralateral

Relative body position term that refers to structures on the opposite side

Proximal

Relative body position term that means closer to the point of attachment - only applies to appendages

Distal

Relative body position term that means away from the point of attachment - only applies to appendages

Superficial

Relative body position term that means near the surface - refers to the same tissue

Deep

Relative body position term that means further from the surface, describes more internal parts - refers to the same tissue

Sagittal

Plane of the body created by a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

Midsagittal

Plane of the body that is a sagittal section that passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts

Parasagittal

Plane of the body that is a sagittal section lateral to the midline

Transverse / horizontal

Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Frontal / coronal

Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Cross section

A cut across the structure, indicated by circles or ovals in a cut through a tubular structure

Longitudinal section

A lengthwise cut, indicated by rows of cells with a space in between in a cut through a tubular structure

Oblique section

An angular cut, that is indicated by circles or ovals in a cut through a tubular structure