Cell Structure and Protein Transport Mechanisms

Cell organelles

Subcellular structures with specific functions.

Microtubules

Cytoskeletal components aiding in movement.

Cytoskeleton

Network providing cell shape and support.

Fluid-Mosaic Model

Cell membrane structure with embedded proteins.

Phospholipid bilayer

Two-layered membrane structure of cells.

Transmembrane proteins

Proteins spanning the entire cell membrane.

FRAP

Technique to study membrane fluidity.

Relative permeability

Membrane's ability to allow substances through.

Glucose transporter

Protein facilitating glucose uptake in cells.

Sodium concentration gradient

Difference in sodium ion concentration across membranes.

TOM complex

Transport protein complex in outer mitochondrial membrane.

TIM complex

Transport protein complex in inner mitochondrial membrane.

Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)

Molecule guiding proteins to the ER.

Exocytosis

Process of vesicle fusion with the membrane.

SNARE proteins

Molecules facilitating vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction.

Intermediate filaments

Cytoskeletal components providing strength and stability.

Microfilaments

Actin filaments maintaining cell shape.

Kinesins

Motor proteins moving towards the positive end of microtubules.

Dyneins

Motor proteins moving towards the negative end of microtubules.

Centrosome

Microtubule organizing center in animal cells.

Vesicles

Membrane-bound sacs transporting materials within cells.

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

Extracellular matrix

Network providing structural and biochemical support to cells.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines synthesizing proteins.

Golgi apparatus

Organelle modifying and packaging proteins.