bio unit test 6 study guide

What are the three ideas of cell theory?

Cells are the basic units of life, Cells are the smallest unit of life, and Cells come from existing cells.

How can microscopes be used to study cells?

They can magnify cells to a bigger size, allowing study of their structures and components.

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus, tend to be smaller, and simpler. Eukaryotic cells are more complex with a nucleus, are bigger, and have organelles.

List the functions of the Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum.

They package and transport proteins to their destinations.

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

They digest waste and act similar to enzymes, breaking down unwanted materials.

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Ribosomes synthesize proteins.

What structures make up the cell wall, and what is its function?

The cell wall keeps the cell protected and acts as a barrier.

What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?

It is known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell and is responsible for energy production.

What role do chloroplasts play in plant cells?

Chloroplasts capture energy for photosynthesis.

Explain the function of vacuoles in a cell.

Vacuoles are used for the storage of water.

What function does the nucleus serve in a cell?

It holds DNA and controls cell activity, acting as the 'boss' of the cell.

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

Animal cells have no cell wall and are round, while plant cells have a distinct cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts, making them more square.

What occurs in the nucleus?

DNA is stored, organized into chromosomes, and converted into RNA.

What structural components make up the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol.

What is the significance of phospholipids in cell membranes?

They create a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward, contributing to selective permeability and fluidity.

What is selective permeability?

It allows the cell membrane to control what enters and exits the cell, regulating internal conditions.

What is passive transport?

Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration without using energy (ATP).

What is the definition of active transport?

Active transport is the movement of substances from low to high concentration using ATP.

Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions.

Hypotonic means more water outside the cell (cell swells), hypertonic means more water inside the cell (cell shrinks), and isotonic means equal water balance.

How do animal cells react in hypotonic solutions?

They swell as water enters, and may burst.

What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic solution?

The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, causing wilting and possible cell death.

What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Benign tumors are non-cancerous and localized; malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread (metastasize).

What occurs during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

The cell has its normal number of chromosomes and prepares for DNA replication.

Describe the phases of mitosis.

Prophase: chromosomes condense; Metaphase: chromosomes align; Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart; Telophase: chromosomes reach opposite poles and nuclear membranes reform.

What role do checkpoints play in the cell cycle?

They ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase and correct any issues that might hinder cell division.

How do Cyclin and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs) function?

Cyclin proteins regulate the cell cycle, while CDKs are enzymes that drive the cycle forward by adding phosphate groups.

What is a stem cell?

A type of undifferentiated cell with the potential to develop into different cell types.

What are the types of specialized cells?

Muscle, nerve (neuron), epithelial, and blood cells.

What is an embryo, and what ethical concerns are related to embryonic stem cell research?

An embryo is an early stage of human development, and ethical concerns include arguments about the implications of life and death.