Gr. 12 Healthcare Unit 2 - Standards of Care

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What is the difference between law and ethics?

• Ethics are a set of principles to guide workers to do what is morally right. It gives a code of behavior based on what is “good” and “right”

• Law means an act is in accordance with the law

What is the umbrella term for ‘bad practice?’ Define it.

Malpractice → the improper treatment or failure to provide care based on someone’s training and qualifications that result in injury, loss or damage.

Negligence

the failure to give care that is normally expected of a person in a particular position, resulting in injury to another person

Assault

a threat or attempt to injure

Battery

 the unlawful touching of another person without consent

Invasion of Privacy

unnecessarily exposing an individual or revealing personal information about an individual without their consent

False Imprisonment

 restraining an individual or restricting an individual’s freedom

Physical Abuse

hitting, forcing people against their will, restraining movement, etc. 

Verbal Abuse

speaking harshly, swearing or shouting, using inappropriate words to describe a person’s race etc.

Psychological abuse

 threatening harm; denying rights; belittling, intimidating, etc.

Sexual Abuse

 any unwanted sexual touching or act, using sexual gestures, and/or suggesting sexual behavior

Domestic abuse

when an intimate partner uses threatening and manipulative, or violent behavior

Child abuse and elder abuse

directed to child or elder

defamation

• when false statements either cause a person to be ridiculed or damage the person’s reputation. information given out in error can result in defamation

slander vs libel

if info is spoken vs if written

informed consent

• permission granted voluntarily by a person who is of sound mind after the procedure and all risk have been explained in simple terms

legal disability

•  a disability that prevents a person from engaging in, or retract compliance with, legal activity unless they are represented by authority and legal

  • Young children

  • People with mental/cognitive decline

  • Unconscious

  • High/drunk

  • NOT the same as physical disability 

living will

a document that outlines your wishes and preferences for medical treatment and personal care if you are incapacitated and are unable to express your wishes for care as a result

dnr order

• do not resuscitate order. Instructs healthcare provider to not do CPR if a patient stops breathing or their heart stops beating

  • A problem in ontario is that there is no provincial database of DNR order

power of attorney

•  a legal document that allows someone else to act on your behalf

  • Can be helpful to older people and other who want to choose a trusted person to act on their behalf when they cannot

Regulated Professional Act

• provides a framework for regulating the scope of practice of 23 health professions in Ontario, under their respective regulatory colleges

canada health act

• Canada’s health care system ensuring all Canadian have the right to access medical care

Occupational Health and Safety Act

• sets out the rights and duties of all parties in the workplace, protect workers against health and safety hazards on the job, establishes procedures for dealing with workplace hazards and provides for enforcement of the law where compliance has not been achieved voluntarily

  • The duties of employers and employees regarding safety

  • Information about toxic substances, WHMIS

  • The right to refuse or stop work where health or safety is in danger

  • The prevention of any reprisals by employers when situations are unsafe

Personal Health Information Act

•  sets out the rules for the collection, use, and disclosure of personal health information, requires health information custodians to obtain consent care agencies to obtain permission to share personal health information between agencies, recognizes the right to patients to access and request correction of their own personal health information

Transplantation: What is the need in Canada? What organs can be successfully transplanted? What is the general history of organ transplants?

Kidney is the number one organ on the waitlist, with liver being the second. Liver, small bowel, kidney, pancreas, heart, lungs, tissue, and face can be successfully transplanted. First heart transplant in Canada is 1967, first lung transplant is 1986 in Ontario, first hand transplant is 1998 in France, first living liver transplant in London, Ontario

live donation

• for liver or kidney transplants

  • Someone donates portion of their liver or kidney to patient while the donor is still alive

  • Alternative for people waiting for a deceased donor

  • Increases number of organ availability

  • Living donors choose who they can donate to

deceased donation

•  an organ or part given at the time of donors death

  • Most transplants are done through deceased donations

  • Person must be in the hospital when pronounced dead (organs are in better condition)

1. How old does someone need to be in order to register themselves as a donor vs be a donor?

Has to be 16 in order to register themselves as a donor but can be any age to be a donor

kidney pair transplant

•  2 separate but willing donors are each unable to donate to their intended recipient due to blood group incompatibility

  • Willing donors are matched to each other respective recipient

domino transplant

• Nondirected donor starts a chain of transplants helping several patients in the process

  • Donor will donate to recipient (#1), that recipients donor will donate to recipient #2 and so on

  • Matches are made via a matching database into which all pairs are entered

  • If the first person needing an organ and the last organ donor is not a match, an altruistic donor would come in place

altruistic donor

• someone giving time, talent or treasure for the sake of another

presumed consent

(Spain, Austria, Portugal)

• Presumed consent is alternatively known as an 'opt-out' system 

• Unless the deceased has expressed a wish in life not to be an organ donor then consent will be assumed

expressed consent

 (United states, Denmark, United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil)

• Opposite of presumed consent

• An individual will not be an organ donor unless they explicitly states otherwise

1. How do blood donations work? Who donates blood?

A way of adding blood to the body after an illness or injury. Eligible people can donate blood, depending on age, weight, height etc.

1. What is sickle cell anemia and how does it affect people?

Conditions where RBC are not shaped as they should be, should look like round discs but this condition shapes them like crescent moons or a sickle. Get stuck together easily and block off small blood vessels, when blood can’t go to where it should, it can lead to pain and organ damage

1. Define philanthropy and explain why it’s important.

• The desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes

1. What is the role of an ethicist? Where do they work in health care?

Attempts to determine the best course of action in the face of conflicting choices “how do we decide what to do when people disagree about a complex issue?” Help us make decisions about how best to use new scientific knowledge