b2/b3 cells/diffusion

animal cell features

nucleus(dna), memebrane(substance control), ribosomes(protein synthesis), mitochondria(powerhouse), cytoplasm(chemical reactions)

plant cell features

same as animal + cell wall(support), vacuole(plump and swolen), chloroplasts(photosynthesis)

bacteria features

free floating dna, plasmids with extra dna for stuff like drug resistance, wall membrane cytoplasm ribosomes

specialised cells

cells adapted to perform a certain function

ciliated cells

inner lining of organs, cilia(hair like) on surface that move substances in direction of tissue

magnification formula

image size/actual size

order of measuremets(sub mm)

mm → micro(um) → nano(nm) → pico(pm) 1000x each

diffusion

movement of particles from an area where there is little of them to area where there is a lot of them, due to random movements

cell membrane

only allows small molecules to diffuse, bigger molecules like start dont fit

use of diffusion in cells(2)

obtain substances for survival, get rid of waste

4 things that affect rate of diffusion

surface area, temp, concentration gradient, distance

diffusion rate practical

time for colored jelly cubes to turn clear due to acid diffusing into jelly and neutralising, timed

purpose of water in organisms

acts as a solvent that allows for chemical reactions, acts as a solvent to allow diffusion of nutrients and waste into the bloodstream

osmosis

movement of water from an area of high water potential to low water potential through a semipermeable membrame

water potential

how likely a water molecule is do diffuse there - high water potential is lots of water, low water potential is low concentration of water

what does osmosis do to cells

makes the cell turgid and creates turgor pressure against the cell wall due to water pressure. lack of water means flaccid cell

dangers of osmosis to animal cells

they can burst if the solution outside has a high water potential, and shrivel up if the solution inside has a low water potential.

how do most animal cells get the stuff they need

tissue fluid squeezed out of capillaries surrounds the cells in the body with oxygen and glucose for their function, the tissue fluid usually has different water potential to the cell

active transport

using energy to transfer stuff against the concentration gradient