Pre-Socratics

Thales

Said to have held that the cause and element of all things is water, that all things are filled with gods

Anaximander

Infinite, boundless

Pythagoras

All things are numbers

Heraclitus

Reality is a flux

Parmenides

There is no "many"; only "the One", nothing cannot be something, nothing "is not", change is impossible

Zeno

Common sense conflicts with itself therefore it cannot be possibly true

Democritus

Greek philosopher that said all matter is made of tiny particles called "atomos" or atoms

Xenophanes

Critiqued the traditional gods, mythology, while relating to the development of nature philosophy, there is only one god

Atomism

belief that the universe consists of small indivisible particles

Reductio ad absurdum

reduction to absurdity

Paradox

a contradiction or dilemma

Monism

the doctrine that reality is ultimately made up of only one essence

Epistomology

study of knowledge

Logos

an appeal based on logic or reason

Rationalism

belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge