HD 2.1-2.2 Social and Physical Development

According to Pavlov and Watson, behavior is learned based upon

repetition, association, and anticipation

Ivan Pavlov and John Watson's Classical Conditioning

stimulus-response experiments, in which dogs learned to involuntarily respond, by salivating, each time a bell rang at feeding time

In classical conditioning, children respond ____ because ____

Automatically, because they have formed an association between a stimulus and the response

In operant conditioning, children respond based on

Consequences

Erikson theorized that _______ permanently shape personality

early childhood experiences

According to Erikson, we go through _ stages of age-specific crises to create _____ between society and ourselves. When the outcome is not favorable, it may lead to ______.

8, equilibrium, adjustment problems

Stage 1 of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

Age of Stage 1 (Erikson)

1 1/2 years old

Characteristics of Stage 1 (Erikson): Gain

Gaining trust: lifelong feeling of security and predictability

Characteristics of Stage 1 (Erikson): Absence

Absence of trust: lifelong feeling of suspicion, guarded, withdrawn from relationships

Stage 2 of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Age of Stage 2 (Erikson)

1 1/2 - 3 1/2 years old

Characteristics of Stage 2 (Erikson): Gain

Gaining autonomy: sense of independence, self-reliance

Characteristics of Stage 2 (Erikson): Absence

Absence of autonomy: shame, dislike of oneself

Stage 3 of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Initiative vs. Guilt

Age of Stage 3 (Erikson)

3 1/2 - 6 years old

Characteristics of Stage 3 (Erikson): Gain

Gaining Initiative: positive view of self, confidence in decision-making, willingness to take risks

Characteristics of Stage 3 (Erikson): Absence

Absence of initiative: sense of guilt, fear of disappointing others

Stage 4 of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Industry vs. Inferiority

Age of Stage 4 (Erikson)

6 - 12 years old

Characteristics of Stage 4 (Erikson): Gain

Gaining industry: learn to work w others, sense of achievement, competence, ability to organize and meet goals

Characteristics of Stage 4 (Erikson): Absence

Absence of industry: inferiority, low self-esteem, lack goals and motivation

Stage 5 of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Age of Stage 5 (Erikson)

12-18 years old

Characteristics of Stage 5 (Erikson): Gain

Gaining identity: solid sense of self, inner confidence;

Characteristics of Stage 5 (Erikson): Absence

Absence of identity: Confusion of role, life goals, self-identity

The premise of Vygotsky's theory (1978) is that children

actively construct their knowledge through society

_____ is an essential part of cultural development and that cognitive growth and language are ____-based

Language, social

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The distance between a child's actual performance and a child's potential performance

ZPD represents the amount of ________ given proper instructional conditions

Learning possible by a student

Vygotsky's scaffolding

The temporary support system from a teacher (or older peer) to support the child until the task can be mastered alone

3 essential elements of scaffolding

Use of mediators

Emphasis of language

Shared activity

Bandura’s theory emphasizes the value of learning through _____.

observation

Bandura’s theory stresses the importance of _____ and ______ the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others to advance in learning.

Observing, modeling

Mary Ainsworth's observations have had a profound influence in the understanding of child development and

attachment theory

Temperament is determined by __________, moods, and the environment, and influences the development of _________________.

inborn traits; personality

Temperament is based upon the ______, environment, activity, and ______ for reacting to stimulation.

child’s mood, threshold

Benefits of play (Physical)

Release physical energy; Gain mastery over their bodies; Acquire new motor skills

Benefits of play (Socially)

Form better relationships among peers; Try out new social rules

Benefits of play (Cognitive)

Advance cognitive development; Practice and explore new competencies

Functional play occurs around

Infancy

Functional play involves

Repeating muscular movements, repetition of behavior

Constructive play occurs around

Toddler and preschool age

Constructive play involves ______, combining ______ and ______.

Using objects to make something, combining sensorimotor movements and creation of something

Pretend play occurs around

18 months and preschool age

Pretend play involves

Transform symbols into make-believe

Rough and tumble play occurs around

End of early to middle childhood

Rough and tumble play involves

Tag, chasing, wrestling

Games with rules play occurs around

Elementary school

Games with rules play involves

Rules, competition, fun