Key Functions and Components of the Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems

Primary function of the lymphatic system

Drains excess fluid and initiates immune response

Source of lymph fluid

Interstitial fluid not reclaimed by blood capillaries

Tissue type of lymphoid tissue

Reticular connective tissue with lymphocytes

Lymphatic vessel draining ¾ of the body's lymph fluid

Thoracic duct

Organ responsible for T-cell maturation

Thymus

Role of dendritic cells in the thymus

Aid in T-cell maturation

Non-primary lymphatic organ

Spleen

How lymphatic vessels prevent backflow

With one-way valves

Secondary lymphatic organ for immune cell activation

Lymph nodes

Function of the spleen's white pulp

Forms 'cuffs' around arteries and activates T-cells

Location of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Around mucosal membranes

Antimicrobial protein produced by infected cells

Transferrin, Complement proteins, Interferons, Dermicidin

Primary function of natural killer (NK) cells

To kill infected cells and tumor cells

First step of phagocytosis

Chemotaxis

Symptoms of inflammation

Redness, swelling, pain, heat

Effect of a fever

Metabolism speeds up, enhancing tissue repair

Two main characteristics of adaptive immunity

Specificity and memory

Definition of an antigen

A substance that elicits an immune response

Role of helper T-cells in the immune response

Directly kill infected cells

Result of clonal selection

Activation of both B-cells and T-cells, producing effector and memory cells

Functions of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules

Identify self-cells and present foreign antigens

Location of Class I MHC molecules

On the surface of all body cells except RBCs

Types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells

Contribution of plasma cells to the immune response

They secrete antibodies to mark antigens for destruction

Difference between primary and secondary immune response

Secondary response is faster and stronger due to memory cells

Structure of an antibody

Two polypeptide chains held together by disulfide bonds

Primary function of the respiratory system

To exchange gases between the bloodstream and the environment

Non-part of the upper respiratory system

Trachea

Primary function of the respiratory mucosa

To support the olfactory sensory receptors

Location of olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity

Olfactory mucosa

Epiglottis

Which part of the pharynx is responsible for passing air to the larynx?

Cartilage rings in the trachea

What is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea?

Simple squamous epithelium

What type of tissue makes up the walls of the alveoli?

Type II alveolar cells

What is the function of Type II alveolar cells?

Respiratory membrane

The respiratory membrane consists of which two structures?

Boyle's Law

Which law explains the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume?

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inhalation

What happens to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inhalation?

Expiratory reserve volume

What is the term for the volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation?

Partial pressure of O2 (Po2)

What is the primary factor influencing O2 dissociation from hemoglobin at tissues?

Increased BPG levels

Which factor increases the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

Bicarbonate ions in plasma

What is the most common form of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

Respiratory centers

Where are the respiratory centers that control breathing located?

Increased CO2 and low pH

What stimulates the respiratory centers to trigger breathing?

Sympathetic nervous system stimulation

What is the effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on the airways?

Left lung lobes

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Pulmonary ventilation rate

Which of the following is the primary factor in influencing the diffusion of gases in the lungs?

Mucosa layer in the GI tract

What is the primary function of the mucosa layer in the GI tract?

Salivary amylase

Which of the following is responsible for the mechanical and chemical digestion of food in the stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the stomach and intestines for secretion and absorption?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Which part of the nervous system stimulates digestion?

Stomach's rugae

The stomach's rugae function to?

Parietal cells

Which type of cells in the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

Pancreas in digestion

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

Amylase

Which enzyme is secreted by the pancreas to break down lipids?

Bile in digestion

What is the function of bile in digestion?

Liver storage

The liver stores which of the following?

Serosa layer in the GI tract

What is the main function of the serosa layer in the GI tract?

Muscosa externa

Which layer of the GI tract contains smooth muscle and is responsible for motility like peristalsis and segmentation?

Digestion of protein

Where does the digestion of protein primarily begin?

Salivary amylase function

What is the main function of salivary amylase in the mouth?

Gastric lipases

What is the primary function of gastric lipases in the stomach?