Chapter 1: A different nation: Canada enters the twentieth century

Who established the morals and manners?

A minority of middle and upper class Anglophones

What influence Canadian manners and aesthetics in the ealy 1900s?

influenced by Victorian England moral strictness

What were 3 things of Canadian manners?

• expectation that families attend church regularly

• support Britain and the monarchy

• believe in honor, virtue, and duty

How long was Queen Victoria’s reign?

1837-1901

Explain the Alaska Boundary Dispute

Canada and America had a dispute over the ownership of the Lynn Canal on the “panhandle” or the Alaska-British Columbia border. Britain got involved and stated that Lynn Canal was apart of Alaska to avoid another international conflict.

(the boer war had just ended in 1903)

What were contrasting POVS on the Alaska Boundary Dispute?

• Anglo-Canadians were still proud to be British subjects and shared the Britain’s imperialistic ideas.

• In contrast French-Canadians were nationalists and believed that Canada should be independent.

what did French-Canadians self-identify as?

They self-identified as Canadiens, french descendants of the original settlers of New France

what does WCTU mean?

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

when was the WCTU founded?

founded in 1870s and was still active during the early 1900s

What was the WCTU campaigning for?

prohibition

what is prohibition?

the banning of the sale and consumption of alchol

What did the WCTU support?

supported women’s right to vote

What was life like for women in the early 1900s? (5)

• when married women had a few rights over property and children

• divorce was rare

• they were not considered persons under the law — unless convicted

• a women’s salary was legally the property of her husband

• before marriage most women who worked (outside of the home) were servants or factory workers. Some were teachers and nurses, and few became doctors.

What was the art and leisure of the early 1900s?

In contrast to Canada’s progressive ubanization, art and literature were sentimental and expressed a preference for rural life and simple values

what activities did people indulge in?

outdoor activities, running, cycling, and rowing

How did Prime minister Laurier populate Canada?

launched an advertisement campaign to attract immigrants to canada

2 things immigrants needed to be granted entry

good health, the funds to live

What did the government offer to immigrants?

offered 160 acres (65 hectares) of land for only $10

what are homesteaders?

people who claimed and settled land

How did the majority of Canadians feel about immigration ad treat immigrants?

Most Canadians were ethnocentric, believing their race was superior, and therefore discriminating against the immigrants. With increase immigration, many Canadians feared that asian immigrants would compete for there jobs

How did French-Canadians feel about immigration?

French-Canadians worried about being outnumbered by the new immigrants.

How were eastern europeans (specifically Ukrainians) treated?

(Eastern europeans) Ukrainians who settled in the Prairies were ridiculed for their customs and language

How were Chinese, Japanese, and south Asian immigrants treated?

Chinese, Japanese, and south Asian immigrants suffered from racism in British Columbia.

What act was introduced in 1885?

Chinese Immigration Act

how did the Chinese Immigration act do?

limit the amount of Chinese immigration. Every chinese immigrant had to pay a head tax of $50 upon arrival.

what happened in Vancouver 1907?

a race riot occurred. A mob of 9000 people destroyed the stores owned by Chinese and Japanese immigrants.

What happened in 1908?

a ban on East Indian immigration

How did immigration affect Indigenous people?

By the 1880s most indigenous people lived on reserves, which were used to free up land for european-immigrants and avoid conflicts between Indigenous people and settlers that happened in the United States

what was life on reserve? (3)

• soil was often unsuitable for farming

• traded land equipment for animals but were given hand tools and animals ill-suited for plowing

• if managed to harvest crops agents wouldn’t grant entry out of the reserve to sell them

When was the government assimilation policy in act and what are the impacts?

The government’s assimilation policy was in act since 1871 and by the early 1900s the Indigenous population was declining.

What caused the boom in population in western cities in the early 1900s?

Many immigrants chose to live in cities.

• Jewish people were not allowed to own land in Europe so this lifestyle was familiar to them

• Others were fond of large communities and lack of hard work appealing

• more job opportunities in urban centers due to Canada’s industrialization

winnipeg was called… because…?

The population growth in Winnipeg was so significant that ist was called the “Chicago of the North”.

what was the poor life like? (4)

• shacks or overcrowded tenements

• low wages (forced women and children to work)

• lack of sanitation

• widespread health problems

what was the rich life like?

• had servants

• houses well lit

• central hot water heating

• running water

What contributed to Canada’s economic boom? (2)

• exportations of natural resources (timber, wheat, and minerals)

• Mining

How did mining contribute to Canada’s economic boom? (2)

• the discovery of gold near Klondike River in 1896 there was a gold rush in Yukon and British Columbia

• In Nova scotia there were new coal mines and steel mills

How did accessibility of energy lead to the industrialization of the 1900s?

• hydropower stations built to power factories

• bigger and better machines

• more jobs in manufacturing

How were corporations during this time?

• corporations grew larger

• due to low competition, employers could set high prices on goods and pay low wages to their employees

How did workers express their discontent?

By striking and forming trade unions demanding for better pay, short work hours and better safety conditions.

What happened in the Nanaimo Strike?

In 1913, some coal miners were involved in a strike that lasted 2 years. They were striking over unsafe conditions and low wages. Eventually the canadian sent in troops to tame the situation. The troops arrested 39 people and broke up the strike.

by the 1910s, Canada was…

In 1910, there were a series of bank failures that led to a collapse in the stock market. After 2 decades of rapid growth, by 1914 Canada was in a recession.

How did the recession affect Canada? (3)

• Industries reduced production

• Unemployment

• Many farmers were planting a new wheat but after the boom the international demand for the wheat decreased due to overproduction