BIOLIGY 1 LIFE PROCESSES

Movement

Indication of life in organisms.

Life Processes

Includes nutrition, respiration, transport, excretion.

Energy Source

Obtained from food for life processes.

Oxidation

Chemical reactions breaking down food in cells.

By-products

Substances like CO₂ removed by excretion.

Autotrophs

Organisms making food using CO₂ and H₂O.

Heterotrophs

Organisms relying on others for food.

Photosynthesis

CO₂ + H₂O → carbohydrates using sunlight.

Photosynthesis Steps

1) Light absorption 2) Water splitting 3) CO₂ reduction.

Stomata

Gas exchange openings regulated by guard cells.

Salivary Amylase

Enzyme converting starch to sugar in mouth.

Oesophagus

Food pipe pushing food via peristalsis.

Stomach Functions

Digests proteins with HCl and pepsin.

Small Intestine

Completes digestion of carbs, proteins, fats.

Liver

Produces bile to emulsify fats.

Pancreas Enzymes

Trypsin for proteins, lipase for fats.

Villi

Absorb digested food into blood.

Aerobic Respiration

Pyruvate → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP in mitochondria.

Anaerobic Respiration

Pyruvate → alcohol or lactic acid without oxygen.

ATP

Energy currency of the cell.

Heart Structure

Four chambers: atria and ventricles.

Double Circulation

Blood passes twice through the heart.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Bring blood to the heart with valves.

Capillaries

Thin walls for material exchange.

Lymph

Drains excess fluid, carries fat from intestine.

Systemic Circulation

Blood flow from heart to body and back.

Pulmonary Circulation

Blood flow from heart to lungs and back.

Heart Valves

Prevent backflow of blood during heartbeats.

Xylem

Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

Phloem

Transports food bidirectionally, requires energy.

Transpiration

Water loss from leaves creating suction force.

Root Hairs

Absorb minerals actively; water follows by osmosis.

Kidneys

Filter blood to form urine.

Nephron

Basic filtration unit in kidneys.

Urine Composition

Contains urea, water, and other wastes.

Plant Excretion

Waste stored in vacuoles or excreted via leaves.