Human Anatomy & Physiology I: Cell Structure, Bonds, Water, Organic Compounds, and Body Systems

Matter

Occupies space

Energy

Kinetic

Action

Potential

Stored

Element

Cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical processes

Atom

3 parts

Neutron

Neutral in nucleus

Proton

Positive in nucleus

Electron

Negative-outside in orbital

Orbital

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together - aka compound

Compound

Two or more atoms bonded together

Mixtures

3 types

Solutions

Solvent

Substance dissolving a solute

Solute

Substance being dissolved in a solvent (ie. Salt water- salt= solvent, water=solvent)

Colloids

Emulsions - ie. Jell-O

Heterogeneous

Not same amt of solute in each

Suspensions

Contains large visible solute-settle out easily

Bonds

Hydrogen

Weak bond

Ionic bonds

Opposites attract

Covalent

Sharing - very strong bond

Polar covalent bonds

Charge separation - dipole moment

Nonpolar covalent

Equal sharing of electrons

Hydrophobic

No interaction with water

Reactions

Bonds broken or rearranged

Chemical equation

Reactant + Reactant = Product

Synthesis

A + B = AB (anabolic)

Decomposition

AB = A + B (catabolic)

Exchange

AB + CD = AC + BD

Coupled Reaction

Redox

Oxidation/ Reduction Reaction

Oxidation

Lose e's, lose H's, gain O's (electron donor)

Reduction

Gain e's, gain H's, lose O's (electron acceptor)

Exergonic reactions

(catabolic) E given off (ie-heat) - spontaneous

Endergonic reactions

(anabolic) E absorbers

Organic

Carbon

Inorganic

Salts, acids and bases, water (Exception: Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion)

Water

Special properties

High Specific Heat

Takes a great deal of heat to raise the temperature of water (100 C- boil water, versus alcohol= 70 C)

Cohesion

Water molecules "stick" together via H-bonds

Adhesion

Water "sticking" to object - ie water drops on plate after washing.

Excellent Solvent

Acids

0-6.9 on pH scale, proton donors, sour

Bases

7.1-14 on pH scale, proton acceptors, bitter

pH

-log10 [H+]

H+

Hydrogen ions

OH-

Hydroxyl ions

Strong acids

Completely and irreversibly disassociates in solution - for example HCl

Weak acids

Vinegar - partially disassociates in solution

Strong Bases

Accept H+'s (protons) easily - ionizes completely and easily - hydroxides

Weak Bases

Baking soda

Buffers

Resistant to change - keeps pH in body constant - ie. pH blood 7.4 - / .1 change can be fatal

Organic Compounds

Molecule which contains C (carbon)

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Sugars and Starches

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars

Disaccharides

Double sugar

Polysaccharides

Polymers

Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose

Lipids

Fats - Fatty acids and Glycerols

Neutral

Triglycerides - 3 fa: 1g

Unsaturated

Not all H's - liquid

Saturated

All H's - solid

Steroids

ie. Cholesterols, Vitamin D, Sex Hormones, etc. (cell membrane)

Phospholipids

Cell membrane

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Proteins

2 Categories

Fibrous

Structural support - collagen, keratin, elastin

Movement

Actin, myosin

Globular

Catalysis - enzymes

Transport

Hemoglobin

Regulation of pH

Plasma proteins, ie. albumin

Regulation of metabolism

Peptide and protein hormone, ie. insulin, growth hormone

Body defenses

Antibodies, complement

Proteins - Structure

Primary 1º

Chain of amino acids

Peptide bonds

Secondary 2º

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

Tertiary 3º

Globular - covalent and H-bonds

Quaternary 4º

Several tertiary - hemoglobin - several types of bonds

Enzymes

Catalysts, reduce energy consumption

Denature

Inactivate - egg white

Enzyme/substrate complex

Lock and Key Model

Nucleic Acids

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Uracil

RNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Body's energy currency

Anatomy

Study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Gross anatomy

Structures that you can see with the unaided eye, e.g., large structures such as the brain.

Microscopic anatomy

Structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye, e.g., a cell.

Cell

Basic unit of life