Test 2 human development

True or false: For 2 month infants, “out of sight” is “out of mind”

True

True or false: A 1-hour-old infant may imitate an adult who sticks out his or her tongue

True

True or false: Psychologists can begin to measure intelligence in infancy

False

True or false: Infant crying is a primitive form of language

True

True or false: You can advance children’s development of pronunciation by correcting their errors

false

True ro false: Children are “pre-wired” to listen to language in such a way that they come to understand rules of grammar

True

Behaviorist approach:

Babies are born with the ability to learn
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning (Reinforcement and punishment)

Infantile amnesia is?

The inability to remember events prior to age three

Infantile amnesia is usually caused from?

A immature hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

What are some psychometric approaches?

IQ tests

Developmental tests

The Bayley scales of infant and toddler developent is a form of a developmental test; it measures?

Current developemt, not future functioning

Schemas = ?

Mental representations that organized knowledge

Primary circular reaction = ?

Accidently does something with own body that they enjoy and they do it again

Primary = Just your own body

Secondary circular reaction = ?

Uses something / other things outside of the body that they enjoy and they do it again

Secondy = something outside of the body

Object permanence = ?

10 months, still there, the baby knows the object is still there even though they can’t look for it

In the Piaget sensorimotor stage incudes?

Schemas, primary circular reaction, secondary circular reaction, and objective permance

Types of imitation:

Invisible, Visible and Deferred

Define Invisible imitation:

When you use a part of your body you can’t see to imitate somebody

Example: The mouth

Immediate reaction

Define Visible reaction:

When you use parts of your body that you can see to imitate somebdoy

Example: hands and feet

Occured during 6-8 months of age

Piaget said this happened first (FALSE)

Define deferred imitation:

When you watch someone do something then imitate it a little bit later

Imitation after delay

Occurs around 0-14 months

Vygotsky’s Theory includes:

Zone of proximal developement - refers to the zone / within location

scaffolding - Adult or other adjusting support based on ability

language and thought (private speech) - essential for problem solving and communicating, increasing social competence

Infor-processing approaches:

Habituation and Dishabituation

Define Habituation:

A type of learning in which familiarity is indicated by reduced response

The slowing down of nuero when you’re exposed to the same object

The subject gets board or “habituates”

The info-processing approach looks at?

How to take information and use it later on

Define Dishabituation:

A increase in responsiveness after presentation with a new stimulus

When the subject re-engaes or becomes intrested into an object again because the object itself has somewhat changed

True or false: Children who can habituate tend to be fairly intelegent individuals

TRUE

Define Novelty preference:

Paying more attention to new visual stimuli

Demonstrating ability to tell new from old, or visual recognition memory

Define information processing: Causality

Understanding that one event causes another

Allows us to control and predict world

Develops at around 6 months

Involves manipulating a mobile with the hands or feet

List the 3 types of

Cognitive neuroscience: Types of memory

Explicit

Implicit

Working

Define Explicit memory:

Conscious or intentional

Can recall facts, names, and events

Define Implicit memory:

Unconscious recall

Habits and skills - procedural memory

Example: You know how to braid hair with your hands but do not remember or recall when you gained that ability to do so

Define Working memory:

Short term storage of active information

Language development involves?

Language and Literacy

Define Language:

A communication system based on word, grammer, and cognitive developemt

Define Literacy:

The ability to read and write

Three types of early vocalizations:

Crying, Cooing, and Babbling

Define Cooing:

Repeating vowel sounds: “ahhhh”

Occurs at 6 - 8 weeks

Define Babbling:

Repeating consonant sounds: “ma ma ma”

Occurs at 6 - 10 months

What does recognizing language sounds do?

Precedes language ability

Fetuses’ heart rates slow when?

They hear familiar nursery rhymes

By 6 months, babies learn to?

Recognize basic sounds of their native language (phonemes)

The three types of gestures:

Conventional social

Representational

Symbolic

Examples of Coventional social gestures:

Waving hi or goodbye

Nodding head to mean “yes”

Examples of Representational gestures:

Holding arms up means “pick me up”

Examples of symbolic gestures:

Blowing means “hot”

Why is it important for babies to learn gestures?

It helps them learn to talk

Define Linguistuc speech:

Verbal expression that conveys meaning

Occurs around 10-14 months of age

Define Holophrase:

Simple syllables that have complete meanings

“Da” could mean “where is daddy?”

When does “naming explosion” occur?

Around 16 - 24 months

Define Telegraphic speech:

Speech that is 2 - 3 words expressing one idea

“No do” means “do not do that”

When using telegraphic speech what gradually increases?

Competence in Syntax

What are some early speech characteristics?

Understanding of grammer precedes use of it

Underextention of word meanings

Overextension of word meanings

Overregularizing of rules

Define Underextention of word meanings:

Very specific understanding of a word

Example: Your child thinks the word “doggy” ONLY refers to YOUR dog

Define Overextension of word meanings:

When your child uses a single known word to define or identify a broader catogory of things than it really does

Example: You child thinks all men with gray hair are grandpa

Define Overregularizing of rules

Your child knows the rules of grammer but applies them incorrectly

Example: “I THINKED about it”

Is language developments all nature or all nurture?

It is a bit of both

Chomsky’s Nativism:

The brain has the innate capacity to learn language

Everyone is born with a language acquisition device (LAD)

Is child directed speeh nature or nuture?

Nuture

Child directed speech is also known as?

Baby talk

Define Child directed speech (baby talk):

Simplified words

Exaggerared vowel sounds

May help children learn native tongue faster

What is the best way to help your child with language development?

READING

Define the Describer reading style:

Adult focuses on describing events in a story

The adult then invites the child to do the same

Define the Comprehender reading style:

Encourages the child to look deeper into the meaning of the story

Define the performance-oriented reading style:

Introduces themes of the story and asks questions after reading

Define Emotions:

A feeling that happens when you engage in an interaction that is important to you

A subjective response to experience

What are the 2 important roles that emotions serve in infants:

Communication with others

Organize your behaviors

Define Basic / primary emotions:

Joy, anger, fear, suprise, disgust, and sadness

Expierenced all over the planet and they’re expressed in a similar manner for everyone

Define Secondary emotions:

Pride, jealousy, guilt, and embarrassment

Involves more cognition / thinking

What are some signs of emotions:

Crying, smiling, and laughing

Smiling and laughing occurs at?

4 weeks and 6 weeks

What causes these reactions changes as a child develops cognitively

Define emotional regulation:

The ability to manage your “arousal” (emotional) level to reach a goal and interfere with functioning

To calm down

Emotional Regulation in infancy is guided by?

External factors (parents)

Emotional regulation in early childhood becomes more?

Internal and self-initiated

What are some concequences that comes with the difficulity managing emotions?

Poor ability to plan

Difficulty succeeding in school

A weaker conscience (morals)

Trouble coping with stress

Difficulty with peer relations

Two types of emotional regulation:

Emotional-coaching

Emotion-dismissing

Define Emotional-coaching:

Parents monitor emotions using teaching moments

Kids regulate negative emotions better

Fewer behavioral problems

Define Emotion-dismissing:

When the parent / caregiver Denies, ignores, or changes negative problems

Self conscious emotions depend on?

Self awareness

Examples of self conscious emotions:

Embarrassment

Empathy

Envy

Define Self awareness:

The realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from those of other people and things

Usually develops after 18 months of age

Define Self evaluative emotions:

Pride, shame, and guilt that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior

Define Empathy:

The ability to put yourself in another person’s place and feel what another person is feeling

Empathy is NOT?

sympathy

Empathy may lead to?

Prosocial behavior

Major shifts in Brain growth and emotional development:

Cerebral cortex becomes functional

Frontal lobes interact with the limbic system (helps monitor emotional responses)

Infant develops self-awareness

Define Temperament:

Characteristic mood and the way you normally respond

Your temperament is NOT your?

personality

Three types of temperament:

Easy

Difficult

Slow-to-warm-up

Your temperament is pretty much?

ALL genetics

Concequences of a Easy temperament:

Well adjusted adults

Concequences of a difficult temperament:

Not well adjusted adults

Boys have a lower education

Girls have higher / more marital issues

Boys have higher delinquent behavior

Define Goodness-of-fit:

The appropriateness of enviornmental demands and constraints to a child’s temperament

Mother’s role in early social experiences:

Harlow’s research

Contact comfort

Father’s role in early social experiences:

College educated seek more intimate relationships with kids, especially sons

In the US they’re highly involved in physical play with their children

Since 1970 there has been increases in caregiving, since more moms now work outiside the home

Define Gender:

Characteristics links to feminity and masculinity based on your society and culture

Both genders tend to be very similar but parents like to THINK that they are?

More different than they really are

Define Gener role:

Expectations about behavior because the person is a boy or girl

Define Gender typing:

Socialization process by which children learn appropriate gender roles

Who treats boys and girls more differents?

Fathers

During the 2nd year fathers talk more and spend more time with?

Sons