Chapter 16- treatment of disorders

Psychiatrist

diagnose you medication, see patients usually yearly

Psychologist

Helps patients 1 on 1, counselors, therapists

behind the scenes, can be research

Psychotherapy

a form of talk therapy, helps individuals deal with emotional challenges, mental health issues, and behavioral problems through conversations

Psychoanalysis

traditional Freudian way

takes a long time (1yr +)

therapists say very little

try to gain insight through the unconscious

Eclectic therapy

Using multiple methods for solutions

Free Association

Letting the patient speak freely

Transference

transferring emotions to therapists, eventually bringing out the unconscious

Psychodynamic approach

tends to be a quicker therapy

therapists do more talking

focuses more on what’s current in your life

Object relations

focuses on the past relationships (parents)

Interpersonal therapy

focuses on current relationship

Humanistic Psychotherapy

emphasizes self-actualization, personal growth It focuses on the present moment and self-awareness.

Client-centered therapy

client is in charge of themselves getting better

unconditional positive regard

showing acceptance to patients and not judging them

empathy

feeling how patient feels, or understanding how they feel

reflection

restating or rephrasing back to the patient

congruence

can’t lie, no sugar coating things

don’t say you understand when you don’t

Gestalt therapy

you have to LOOK at the person and pick up little detail

pay attention to body language, tone, taking it all in

Behavior therapy

focuses on changing maladaptive behaviors through techniques such as conditioning, reinforcement, and modeling. It aims to help individuals develop healthier behaviors and coping strategies.

Behavior modification

a therapy that uses reinforcement or punishment to change behaviors, promoting positive actions and discouraging negative ones.

systematic desensitization

What type of therapy goes “step by step” to decrease a person’s phobia? This could be physically making them go through the motions or simply imagining what gives them anxiety?

virtual reality graded exposure

Which therapy would be effective for a soldier suffering from PTSD?

Modeling

What type of therapy is based upon observational learning? You watch someone work through things that give you anxiety.

assertiveness & social skills learning

Which therapy technique helps a patient be more direct and confident when dealing with people?

positive reinforcement

What would this be an example of? – a person suffering from agoraphobia is rewarded with immediate praise after they leave their house.

token economy

What technique is based upon positive reinforcement and may be used more in institutions and hospitals?

extinction

What type of therapy can take more time, but it is effective for conduct disorders and individuals with ADHD by utilizing non-reinforcement?

punishment

What would this be an example of? – a person is given electric shock every time they pick at their skin or they get certain privileges taken away for bad behavior

aversion/aversive conditioning

Which therapy is based upon classical conditioning and tries to create an unpleasant feeling with a behavior that they would like to stop? Example – a person takes a drug which makes them get sick every time they drink alcohol

exposure techniques

What is the general term for psychological treatment techniques that help people confront their fears? Examples include virtual reality grading exposure, flooding, and systematic desensitization.

flooding

What would this be an example of? – a person who is afraid of snakes either gets one large snake wrapped around them or is immersed into a tub of smaller snakes

cognitive-behavior therapy

therapy that attempts to change the way one thinks and behaves

REBT

What therapy was developed by Albert Ellis and looks at the ABCs of the situation – activating event, belief, and consequences? This tends to be more direct, confrontational, and utilizes cognitive restructuring.

stress inoculation training

Which therapy teaches patients specific examples on how to remain calm and relaxed during anxiety-producing situations; like giving a speech or going in for a job interview

cognitive therapy

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and beliefs to treat mental health issues like depression and anxiety.

beck’s cognitive therapy

What therapy is similar to REBT, but tends to foster a relationship with the patient and helps them find the answer? This technique might help someone who catastrophizes things and has negative self-esteem.

mindfulness based cognitive therapy

Which therapy technique uses meditation to help a patient clear their thoughts to deal with anxiety or depression?

family therapy

Therapy that aims to solve family problems, handle special family situations, and creating a better functioning home environment. 

couples therapy

Therapy that aims to improve communication between two individuals while other helping each individual learn more about themselves

group therapy

Therapy that aims to create a sense of belonging or relatability through understanding, which is achieved by sharing common experiences.

clinically significant

Means that the results of therapy were noticed by the patient and/or the therapist

statistically significant

Means that the results most likely did not come by chance (95% probably); p < .05

Empirically supported therapies (ESTs)

Treatments who effects have been validated by controlled experimental research.

biological therapies

Therapies that include psychosurgery, ECT, and drug therapy

drug therapy

Type of therapy often used by a psychiatrist

Antipsychotics/neuroleptics

Drugs that can help individual with schizophrenia; can be referred to as antipsychotics

Tardive dyskinesia

Irreversible movement disorder (repetitive actions, twitching, thrusting of the tongue) that can develop in individuals who take neuroleptics

clozapine

A neuroleptic that is often used to treat schizophrenia-spectrum disorders

Antidepressants

General term for drugs that help reduce individual with depressive disorders

prozac

The common name for a popular antidepressant

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A class of antidepressants that are used in cases where an individual has depression and also anxiety related symptoms. However, these drugs can bring about more side effects

 

Tricyclic antidepressants

A class of antidepressants that focus more on the depression (not anxiety) and can have less side effects.

Lithium & Anticonvulsants

Known as a mood stabilizer and often used to help patients with bipolar disorders

Anxiolytics

Drugs that reduce anxiety

EST / ECT

Also known as shock therapy. Today, it is only used to treat severe depression

Prefrontal lobotomy

Old therapy method where a hole was drilled into a patient’s skull; giving access for a doctor to destroy brain issue in the frontal lobe

Psychosurgery

Type of modern day therapy that uses brain-imaging techniques to destroy brain tissue.

Community Psychology

Field of psychology that primarily focuses on the prevention of psychological disorders.

latent content

the hidden but true meaning of your dreams

manifest content

dreams you remember

Under the American Psychological Association's ethical standards, clients have certain rights in the therapeutic relationship. Which of the following is NOT a right of the client or a rule for the therapist?

Professionals (therapists) cannot consult with other therapists on a case.

Austin has been in therapy for a year now. Recently, after a disagreement with a teacher, Austin disclosed to his therapist that he intended to kill the teacher. The therapist suspects that Austin is serious, and she believes that the teacher's life may be in danger. This is an example of a time when the therapist

is legally obligated to violate confidentiality by warning the teacher.

You are looking for a therapist you can trust, and decide to do some research on confidentiality. Which of the following statements would be considered a breach of confidentiality?

"Mr. Sanders, your daughter told me in her latest session that she has trouble talking to you about her problems, and she doesn't want you to know because she says it will make you feel bad. What do you think?" (said to the client's father)

A friend asks your advice about what is most important in evaluating a therapist. You answer,

"Check out a therapist's track record of clinically significant success with treating problems similar to yours."

aptitude tests

Tests that measure an individual's ability to learn or perform in the future.

achievement tests

Tests that measure what an individual has learned so far.

psychometric approach

An approach that uses IQ tests and mental tests to explain and classify intelligence.

fluid intelligence (Raymond cattell)

reasoning and problem solving

crystallized intelligence

specific knowledge

Triarchic theory

Sternberg proposed this theory, which includes analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

cross sectional study

A research design that collects data from multiple groups at a single point in time.

longitudinal study

A research design that collects data over an extended period of time.

divergent thinking

The ability to come up with multiple solutions to a problem, related to creativity.

convergent thinking

The ability to produce a single correct solution to a problem.

instinct theory

Motivation that comes from automatic/unlearned reasons.

evolutionary approach

Motivation that comes from the need to survive and/or reproduce.

drive reduction theory

Motivation that comes from an imbalance of homeostasis and a desire to reduce a "need."

incentive theory

Motivation that comes from rewards and punishments.

optimal arousal theory

Motivation that comes from a desire to maintain a certain level of arousal.

opponent process theory

Motivation that comes from receiving an opposite response from a stimulus.

James- Lange theory

event

arousal

interpret

emotion

• incomplete

Schacter singer theory

event

arousal

reason for arousal

emotion

cannon bard theory

emotions are due to the amygdala and are automatic

event > arousal, emotion

• incomplete

Lazarus theory

event > emotion, arousal

think about the event

maturation (Arnold gesell)

The natural growth or change that unfolds in a fixed sequence independent of the environment

critical period

a specific time when an organism needs certain stimuli for proper development, crucial for learning and growth.

assimilation

you make your schema fit

accommodation

you change your schema

resilience

The ability to develop normally despite severe environmental factors/risks

gender roles

The idea/expectations of what is means to be a male vs a female; created by society

gender schemas

The idea/expectations of what is means to be a male vs a female; created by oneself

preconventional (not in school)

rewards and punishments

conventional (elementary-middle school)

pleasing other sis good, be a good person

rules/ law and order

postconventional (highschool-forever)

voluntary commitment of the rules

what is ethically correct - society first

(will never reach this stage)