chapter 8 Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck

Cattells approach to traits

relatively permanent part of the personality that Account for behavior and situations

16 source Traits. Main traits that make up everyone in someway

Common versus unique traits

common. Everyone shares concentrates to some degree measure of intelligence or of extroversion. Some might be high or low on scale.

Unique. Distinguish us as individuals. For example A liking for politics, or an interest in baseball.

Ability versus temperament versus dynamic traits

Ability. Our skills and abilities determine how well we can work toward our goals.

Temperament. Our emotions and feelings help determine how we react to the people and situations in our environment. Example, easy-going person go with the flow.

Dynamic. Motivating traits, motivations and drive are behavior.

Surface versus source traits

surface. Weak only apply to you in certain times.

Source. More on your behavior.

constitutional versus Environmental-mold traits

these go under source traits

constitutional. Biological origins genetics or chemicals consumed like alcohol.

Environmental, mold. Environmental origins, influence of our friends.

Role of heredity Cattell

influences of heredity And environment in shaping personality

He compared twins and siblings in different rearing situations

1/3 of personality is genetically based

2/3 is determined by social and environmental influences

stages of personality development Cattell

infancy. Birth to six. Weaning, toilet training formation of ego which is attitudes.

Childhood. 6 to 14. Independence from parents and identification with peers gaining Independent personality

Adolescence. 14 to 23. About independence . sex equals Sexuality shape you and what you want to do

Maturity. 23 to 50. Satisfaction with career, marriage and family. Major goals. Focus can affect what you do.

Late Maturity. 50 to 65. Personality changes in response to physical and social circumstances.

Old age. 65+. Meant to loss of friends career status.

assessment and personality

Four things

L data. LIFE Observed in real life situations seeing how people act in a situation

Q data. QUESTIONNAIRE. So report one’s characteristics attitudes and interest

T data.TESTS. Instead of asking, ask about a situation, not as direct, less obvious of question.

16 PF Personality test. To assess personality for research clinical diagnosis and job success prediction in tea data.

Cattells research methods

clinical approach. Subjective not science.

Bivariate approach. Independent variable is manipulated to determine the effect on the dependent variable. Deals with limited aspects of personality

Multi variant approach. Multiple independent variables.R Technique collecting data from a group of people. P Technique collecting data from single subject over a long period of time

Cattell Contributions

Father of the personality trait approach

Cattell criticisms

potential for subjectivity errors in factor analytic approach exist. The 16 could have been a different number.

Difficult to replicate

Eysenck Three main dimensions of personality

E. extroversion versus introversion

N. neuroticism versus emotional stability

P. Psychoticism versus impulse control

Extraversion and introversion traits

E. Sociable, carefree, dominant outgoing.

Biological. Lower base level of cortisol arousal, being alone is bad. Need to be around people.

I. Shy away from excitement react strongly to stimulation, be lonesome, not necessarily shy

biological. cortisol arousal levels are already high, going out gets too much and is exhausting

Neuroticism Traits

High Scores. Anxious, shy, moody

Low scores. Sympathetic nervous system overreacts to mild stressors this is genetic.

Psychoticism traits

High scores. Aggressive, cold egocentric(Only care about themselves) Antisocial(Acting against the world, Fight fighting) Tough minded. Have problems with alcohol, drug and violent criminal behavior

Have controlling parents, more environmental

Eysenck role of heredity

treats and dimensions were determined by heredity

Compared identical to fraternal twins

Identical, twins were more similar than fraternal

Costa and McCrae five factor model

Help develop the new personality inventory, which test the five factors

what are the five factors? Remember ocean.

openness

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

Five factor characteristics

openness.

High. Original independent, creative, daring.

low. Move in routine go to restaurant order the same thing.

conscientiousness

high. Careful organized

Low. In own heads, less reliable.

Extraversion.

High. sociable talkative, fun, loving, affectionate

Low. Introverts retreat away from society.

Neuroticism. Emotionally Stability

high. Worried, insecure, nervous, high, strong

Low. Not insecure.

Emotional correlation to the five factors

well-being.

High extraversion, low neuroticism, high agreeableness and conscientiousness

Extroversion.

Social support have someone to lean on. Likable, Introverts shy away.

Neuroticism.

Negative outcomes lead to lesser things of well-being depression

Behavioral correlation to the five factors

conscientiousness.

High. Better grades and responsible at work, increased health,

low, score leads to use of alcohol and illegal drug

Agreeableness.

Fever behavior problems

Openness.

Various interest, try new things, seek challenges

Extra version.

More social relationships

HEXACO. What are the six factors? What’s different about this versus the five factors?

honesty/humility H

Emotionality E

Extroversion X

Agreeableness A

Conscientiousness C

Openness to experience O

They added honesty, which is high Insincere, honesty, and faithfulness. Low is greedy, trustworthy

The E is emotionality high emotional oversensitive. low self-assured

Paulhus and Williams Dark Triad

narcissism.

Extreme level of selfishness, very arrogant think they are the best

machiavellianism.

Deceitful, manipulate others

psychopathy.

Coldness,don’t care about others, don’t feel guilty, take advantage, charming, but violent

Dirty dozen scale

self rating test developed as a quick assessment of the dark triad

We did this in class had 12 questions.